Selective vagal rhizotomies: a new dorsal surgical approach used for intestinal deafferentations

Walls, Elwood K.; Wang, Feng‐Bin; Holst, M.-C.; Phillips, Robert; Voreis, J. S.; Perkins, A. R.; Pollard, Leann; Powley, Terry L.

doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1995.269.5.r1279

Cited by 36 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…Surgical vagal deafferentation was achieved by sectioning the vagal afferent nerve rootlets (supranodose afferent rhizotomy) using a technique similar to that described previously (61). Rats were anesthetized as above and placed in a stereotaxic frame.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rats were anesthetized as above and placed in a stereotaxic frame. After a dorsolateral incision at the level of the occipital bone, muscle tissue was blunt dissected to expose the occipital bone and the first cervical vertebra; because the three supranodose vagal dorsal afferent rootlets are located ϳ1 mm medial to the occipital condyle, the occipital bone needed to be trimmed with a #6 dental drill to expose the vagal rootlets (32,61). The dorsal rootlets are located beneath the caudal portion of the occipital bone.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of cholecystokinin-8s in the nucleus tractus solitarius of vagally deafferented rats

Baptista¹,

Browning²,

Travagli³

2007

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Baptista V, Browning KN, Travagli RA. Effects of cholecystokinin-8s in the nucleus tractus solitarius of vagally deafferented rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292: R1092-R1100, 2007. First published November 22, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00517.2006.-We have shown recently that cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8s) increases glutamate release from nerve terminals onto neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius pars centralis (cNTS). The effects of CCK on gastrointestinal-related functions have, however, been attributed almost exclusively to its paracrine action on vagal afferent fibers. Because it has been reported that systemic or perivagal capsaicin pretreatment abolishes the effects of CCK, the aim of the present work was to investigate the response of cNTS neurons to CCK-8s in vagally deafferented rats. In surgically deafferented rats, intraperitoneal administration of 1 or 3 g/kg CCK-8s increased c-Fos expression in cNTS neurons (139 and 251% of control, respectively), suggesting that CCK-8s' effects are partially independent of vagal afferent fibers. Using whole cell patch-clamp techniques in thin brain stem slices, we observed that CCK-8s increased the frequency of spontaneous and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in 43% of the cNTS neurons via a presynaptic mechanism. In slices from deafferented rats, the percentage of cNTS neurons receiving glutamatergic inputs responding to CCK-8s decreased by ϳ50%, further suggesting that central terminals of vagal afferent fibers are not the sole site for the action of CCK-8s in the brain stem. Taken together, our data suggest that the sites of action of CCK-8s include the brain stem, and in cNTS, the actions of CCK-8s are not restricted to vagal central terminals but that nonvagal synapses are also involved. brain stem; electrophysiology; c-fos CHOLECYSTOKININ, WHICH IS released from intestinal cells following ingestion of nutrients (34,37,47), has profound effects on gastrointestinal functions. In fact, it is well known that cholecystokinin, and, in particular, the cleaved octapeptide cholecystokinin-8s (CCK-8s), induces vagally mediated gastric relaxation, increases pancreatic exocrine secretion, and induces short-term satiety (36,38,41,42,48,62).Many studies have proposed that the vagally mediated effects of CCK-8s are almost exclusively due to a paracrine action of CCK-8s on peripheral, capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent fibers (8,14,41). This postulate stems mainly from the observations that C-fiber ablation induced by perivagal capsaicin treatment greatly attenuates, or abolishes altogether, the effects of systemic administration of CCK-8s on gastric motility, gastric acid secretion, and pancreatic exocrine secretion (32,33,41,58). One must keep in mind, however, that the localized perineural application involves the use of very high concentrations of capsaicin, usually 33 mM (i.e., 1% solution) (9,23,25,41,56,63,67). Such a high concentration of capsaicin raises the possibility that its observed effects are due to the toxic effects of massiv...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cholecystokinin-8s in the nucleus tractus solitarius of vagally deafferented rats

Baptista¹,

Browning²,

Travagli³

2007

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…PL-1026) into the left, right, or both nodose ganglia (0.5-1.0 μl total volume per side) or the nucleus of the solitary tract (three injection sites per side; 0.5-1.0 μl total volume). At the time of the injections, some animals were also given unilateral cervical vagotomies (n=3) or ventral root motor rhizotomies (n=10) ipsilateral to the nodose ganglion tracer injections, according to the technique of Walls et al (1995). One group (n=20) of the injected animals was assigned to analyses of the "descending aorta to superior mesenteric artery (SMA) to intestinal pathways'; a second group (n=15) of animals was used to evaluate whether vagal afferents innervating the intestines traveled from the descending aorta to the inferior mesenteric artery to reach the intestines.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vagal innervation of intestines: afferent pathways mapped with new en bloc horseradish peroxidase adaptation

Wang

Powley

2007

Cell Tissue Res

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Neural tracers have not typically been employed to determine the pathways followed by axons between their perikarya and target tissues. We have adapted the tetramethylbenzidine method for horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to stain fibers en bloc in organs and thus to delineate axonal trajectories. We have also applied this protocol to characterize the pathways that vagal afferents follow to the intestines. The protocol confirms that the proximal segment of the duodenum receives afferents carried in the vagal hepatic branch and demonstrates that vagal afferents innervating the remainder of the small and large intestines course through multiple fascicles derived from the celiac branches of the abdominal vagus. These fascicles divide, intermingle, and reorganize along the abdominal aorta and superior mesenteric artery (SMA), but not along the inferior mesenteric artery, and then project to the intestines with secondary arteries that branch from the SMA. The inferior pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, middle colic, right colic, and ileocecocolic arteries all carry vagal afferents to segments of the intestines. As the arteries derived from the SMA divide repeatedly into successively finer branches and course to the intestines, the vagal afferent fascicles (typically a pair) running with each arterial branch also divide. These divisions generate sets/pairs of finer fascicles coursing with even the highest order arterial radicles. The vagal fascicles enter the intestinal wall with the vessels and appear to innervate the organ near the point of entry. The results verify the practicality and sensitivity of the en bloc HRP technique and suggest that the protocol could delineate other peripheral pathways.

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“…These analyses showed that labeled DmnX neurons were present in the both sides of the brainstem of control animals but only in the contralateral side of supranodose-vagotomized animals (cf. discussions of this technique in Berthoud and Powley, 1992;Walls et al, 1995). In addition, the distribution of DiI-labeled fibers at the heart differed in control and experimental animals; in control animals without vagal transections there was some innervation of principal neurons, but this projection was totally absent in vagotomized animals.…”

Section: Identified Vagal Afferent Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vagal afferent innervation of the atria of the rat heart reconstructed with confocal microscopy

et al. 1997

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We have used confocal microscopy to analyze the vagal afferent innervation of the rat heart. Afferents were labeled by injecting 1,1'-dioleyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate (DiI) into the nodose ganglia of animals with prior supranodose de-efferentations, autonomic ganglia were stained with Fluoro-gold, and tissues were examined in whole mounts. Distinctively different fiber specializations were observed in the epi-, myo-, and endocardium: Afferents to the epicardium formed complexes associated with cardiac ganglia. These ganglia consisted of four major ganglionated plexuses, two on each atrium, at junctions of the major vessels with the atria. Ganglionic locations and sizes (left > right) were consistent across animals. In addition to principal neurons (PNs), significant numbers of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells were located in each of these plexuses, and vagal afferents provided dense pericellular varicose endings around the SIF cells in each ganglionic plexus, with few if any terminations on PNs. In the myocardium, vagal afferents formed close contacts with cardiac muscles, including conduction fibers. In the endocardium, vagal fibers formed "flower-spray" and "end-net" terminals in connective tissue. With three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal optical sections, a novel polymorphism was seen: Some fibers had one or more collaterals ending as endocardial flower sprays and other collaterals ending as myocardial intramuscular endings. Some unipolar or pseudounipolar neurons within each cardiac ganglionic plexus were retrogradely labeled from the nodose ganglia. In conclusion, vagal afferents form a heterogeneity of differentiated endings in the heart, including structured elements which may mediate chemoreceptor function, stretch reception, and local cardiac reflexes.

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Selective vagal rhizotomies: a new dorsal surgical approach used for intestinal deafferentations

Cited by 36 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of cholecystokinin-8s in the nucleus tractus solitarius of vagally deafferented rats

Effects of cholecystokinin-8s in the nucleus tractus solitarius of vagally deafferented rats

Vagal innervation of intestines: afferent pathways mapped with new en bloc horseradish peroxidase adaptation

Vagal afferent innervation of the atria of the rat heart reconstructed with confocal microscopy

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