“…Charged nanoporous media and ion-selective nanochannels have attracted considerable interests in recent decades owing to their ever-increasing applications from geophysics and environment (Dykstra et al, 2017;Johnson et al, 1996;Ko et al, 2012;Lacoste et al, 2009;Li et al, 2013;Massimo et al, 2018;Muhammad & Massimo, 2015, 2017Nikonenko et al, 2014;Revil, Pezard, & Glover, 1999;Revil, Schwaeger, et al, 1999;Schultz, 1997; S. Song et al, 2004;Sun et al, 2001;Vane & Zang, 1997) to energy conversion (D. K. Kim, Duan, et al, 2010), water desalination (Nikonenko et al, 2014;Sung Jae et al, 2010;Suss et al, 2012), and even biophysics (Bhadra et al, 2016;Hotta et al, 2012;Ko et al, 2012). A crucial common factor among these applications is the presence of ionic transport through structured or unstructured materials with charged solid-aqueous solution interfaces.…”