Selective precipitation reaction: a novel diagnostic test for tissue pathology in Atlantic salmon, <i>Salmo salar</i>, infected with salmonid alphavirus (<scp>SAV</scp>3)

Braceland, Mark; Tinsley, John; Cockerill, D. J. A.; Bickerdike, Ralph; McLoughlin, M F; Eckersall, P.D.

doi:10.1111/jfd.12587

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Some of the fish viruses that have been detected by ELISA include VHSV in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Olesen, Lorenzen, & Jørgensen, ), Koi herpesvirus (KHV) in koi or coloured carp ( Cyprinus carpio )(Adkison, Gilad, & Hedrick, ) and nervous necrosis virus (NNV) in barramundi Lates calcarifer (Jaramillo, Hick, Dyrting, Anderson, & Whittington, ). More recently, a field‐deployable novel selective precipitation reaction (SPR) was discovered that could be used to detect salmonid alphavirus (SAV) using serum, making it an attractive serological method (Braceland et al, ). However, more research needs to be done on its applicability to other viruses including TiLV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood and liver biopsy for the non‐destructive screening of tilapia lake virus

Chiamkunakorn

Machimbirike

Senapin

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Detection of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) in tilapines is mainly from visceral organs of killed fish. However, lethal sampling might not be viable to broodstock and economically important ornamental cichlids. To contribute towards screening of the virus in asymptomatic infected fish, a subclinically infected population of Nile tilapia adults obtained from a local farm was preliminarily tested to compare different non‐lethal sampling methods, for example liver biopsy, gill biopsy, fin clip, mucus, faeces and blood for detection of TiLV. Only liver and blood samples gave positive results by PCR. Since blood sampling is relatively simpler, it was further used for five naturally co‐cultured juvenile fish species from above‐mentioned farm including 40 red tilapia broodstock and 20 Nile tilapia adults from two other different farms. The results showed that from the tested fish, 4 of 5 Nile tilapia, 2 of 5 hybrid red tilapia and 3 of 5 giant gourami blood samples tested positive, while 38 of 40 blood samples of red tilapia tested positive for TiLV in second‐step PCR. Sequencing representative PCR amplicons of positive samples confirmed sequence identity to TiLV. In conclusion, both blood and liver biopsy are practical non‐destructive sampling platforms for TiLV screening in cichlids with blood being more convenient, especially for tilapia broodstock.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…was discovered that could be used to detect salmonid alphavirus (SAV) using serum, making it an attractive serological method (Braceland et al, 2017). However, more research needs to be done on its applicability to other viruses including TiLV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood and liver biopsy for the non‐destructive screening of tilapia lake virus

Chiamkunakorn

Machimbirike

Senapin

et al. 2019

Journal of Fish Diseases

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“…Braceland et al . ( 7 ) have also identified and validated a novel selective precipitation reaction (SPR), establishing a procedure which can be used to monitor the health of farmed Atlantic salmon. The study has demonstrated that the assay is rapid, sensitive, and practical for daily operations.…”

Section: Diagnostic Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonid alphavirus (SAV)

Deperasińska

Schulz

Siwicki

2018

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Salmonid alphavirus (SAV), genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae, is a single-stranded RNA virus affecting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). It is known to be responsible for pancreas disease (PD) and sleeping disease (SD) which are increasing problems, causing high fish mortality and economic losses in the European aquaculture industry. Pancreas disease was first described in Atlantic salmon in Scotland in 1976 and a similar disease caused by the closely related sleeping disease virus was first described in rainbow trout in France. There have also been reports of salmonid alphavirus infections from other European countries, including Ireland, England, Norway, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Salmonid alphaviruses have been classified into six subtypes (SAV1–6). SAV1 and SAV4–6 cause pancreas disease in Atlantic salmon in Ireland or Scotland, SAV2 is the causative agent of sleeping disease in rainbow trout, and SAV3 has been detected in Atlantic salmon in Norway. The aim of this paper was to summarise current knowledge of infections caused by salmonid alphavirus and diagnostic methods including the newest techniques, and to briefly describe prevention from SAV infections by vaccination.

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“…These include real-time RT-PCR, conventional RT-PCR (with sequencing for genotyping), immunohistochemistry, histopathology, serum neutralization assay, and isolation of virus in cell culture. A serum-based selective precipitation reaction (SPR) has also been recently described (21), however this is currently not in use in Norway and is not listed on the OIE disease card.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Evaluation of Diagnostic Test Sensitivity and Specificity for Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Infection and Pancreas Disease (PD) in Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway Using Bayesian Latent Class Analysis

et al. 2019

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Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) is the OIE-listed, viral cause of pancreas disease (PD) in farmed Atlantic salmon. SAV is routinely detected by PCR–methods while typical histopathological lesions are additionally used to confirm the diagnosis. Field evaluation of diagnostic test performance is essential to ensure confidence in a test's ability to predict the infection or disease status of a target animal. For most tests used in aquaculture, characteristics like sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) at the analytical level may be known. Few tests are, however, evaluated at the diagnostic level according to the OIE standard. In the present work, we estimated diagnostic test sensitivity (DSe) and diagnostic test specificity (DSp) for five laboratory tests used for SAV detection. As there is no gold standard, the study was designed using Bayesian latent class analysis. Real-time RT-PCR, cell culture, histopathology, virus neutralization test, and immunohistochemistry were compared using samples taken from three different farmed Atlantic salmon populations with different infection status; one population regarded negative, one in an early stage of infection, and one in a later stage of infection. The average fish weight in the three populations was 2.0, 1.6, and 1.5 kg, respectively. The DSe and DSp of real-time RT-PCR is of particular interest due to its common use as a screening tool. The method showed high DSe (≥0.977) and moderate DSp (0.831) in all 3-populations models. The results further suggest that a follow-up test of serum samples in real-time RT-PCR negative populations may be prudent in cases where epidemiological information suggest a high risk of infection and where a false negative result is of high consequence. This study underlines the need to choose a test appropriate for the purpose of the testing. In the case of a weak positive PCR-result, a follow-up test should be conducted to verify the presence of SAV. Cell culture showed high DSe and DSp and may be used to verify viral presence.

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Selective precipitation reaction: a novel diagnostic test for tissue pathology in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, infected with salmonid alphavirus (SAV3)

Cited by 4 publications

References 18 publications

Blood and liver biopsy for the non‐destructive screening of tilapia lake virus

Blood and liver biopsy for the non‐destructive screening of tilapia lake virus

Salmonid alphavirus (SAV)

Field Evaluation of Diagnostic Test Sensitivity and Specificity for Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) Infection and Pancreas Disease (PD) in Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norway Using Bayesian Latent Class Analysis

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