Selective migration as a factor in child welfare in the United States ; with special reference to Iowa

Hart, Hornell

doi:10.17077/etd.wpcdwh8v

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…For example, the significant genealogical overlap of black and white Americans, once a topic of frequent study (Hart 1921; Herskovits 1928; Myrdal 1964 [1944]; Stuckert 1958), received only fleeting attention in the decades that preceded the emergence of “ancestry informative” genetic markers, which can now be used to measure levels of admixture (shared ancestry) among ethnically blended populations (Shriver et al 2003; Parra et al 1998). Today, lingering denials of the shared ancestral heritage of black and white Americans have crumbled under the weight of biographical and DNA evidence.…”

Section: Theoretical Perspectives On Ancestry and Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As noted earlier, researchers have estimated that about three-quarters of African Americans have some white ancestry, and a smaller but significant share of whites have some African ancestry (Hart 1921; Myrdal 1964 [1944]; Shriver et al 2003; Stuckert 1958, 1976). Persons of mixed black/white ancestry were considered to be an intermediate racial population in Charleston, New Orleans, and other Southern cities in the late nineteenth century (Davis 1991).…”

Section: The Color Line: America In Black and Whitementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities

Perez

Hirschman

2009

Population & Development Rev

227

195

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Images and interpretations of the past, present, and future of the American racial and ethnic landscape are contradictory. Many accounts focus on the increasing diversity that results from immigration and differential natural increase as well as the proliferation of racial and ethnic categories in census data. Less attention has been paid to the formation and erosion of racial and ethnic identities produced by intermarriage and ethnic blending. The framers and custodians of census racial classifications assume a “geographic origins” definition of race and ethnicity, but the de facto measures in censuses and social surveys rely on folk categories that vary over time and are influenced by administrative practices and sociopolitical movements. We illustrate these issues through an in‐depth examination of the racial and ethnic reporting by whites, blacks, Asians, and Hispanics in the 2000 census. The emerging pattern, labeled here as the “Americanization” of racial and ethnic identities, and most evident for whites and blacks, is of simplified racial identities with little acknowledgment of complex ancestries. National origin is the predominant mode of reporting racial and ethnic identities among Asians and Hispanics, especially first‐generation immigrants. The future of racial and ethnic identities is unknowable, but continued high levels of immigration, intermarriage, and social mobility are likely to blur contemporary divisions and boundaries.

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Section: Theoretical Perspectives On Ancestry and Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Color Line: America In Black and Whitementioning

confidence: 99%

The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities

Perez

Hirschman

2009

Population & Development Rev

227

195

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“…Hamilton (1966) reports that population researchers have been using residual methods since the early twentieth century. Demographers routinely subtracted the difference between births and deaths (net natural increase) from total population change to obtain residual estimates of internal migration (Hart 1921; Thornthwaite 1934). The scope of undocumented immigration also came to light through residual analysis, given the larger than expected counts of Latino and Asian immigrants in the 1980 Census (Fay et al 1988).…”

Section: The Challenge Of Race/ethnicity For Demographic Accountingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A handful of studies have also used residual methods to examine unexpected changes in the size of race/ethnic groups. In the early twentieth century, RM was used to estimate rates of "white passing" among persons with mixed European and African ancestry (Hart 1921;Herskovits 1928), and recent studies of American Indians have attributed much of the growth since 1960 to changes in self-classification among persons with partial indigenous ancestry (Eschbach 1993(Eschbach , 1995Harris 1994;Nagel 1996;Passel 1976Passel , 1996Passel and Berman 1986;Snipp 1989). A recent report echoes the risks posed by inconsistencies in racial classification more broadly: DA [demographic analysis] estimates of net undercount will be biased if persons who are classified as Black in DA are reported as another race in the census.…”

Section: The Challenge Of Race/ethnicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

2. Estimating Net Interracial Mobility in the United States: A Residual Methods Approach

Perez

Hirschman

2009

Sociological Methodology

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This paper presents a residual methods approach to identifying social mobility across race/ethnic categories. In traditional demographic accounting models, population growth is limited to changes in natural increase and migration. Other sources of growth are absorbed by the model residual and can only be estimated indirectly. While these residual estimates have been used to illuminate a number of elusive demographic processes, there has been little effort to incorporate shifts in racial identification into formal accounts of population change. In light of growing evidence that a number of Americans view race/ethnic identities as a personal choice, and not a fixed characteristic, mobility across racial categories may play important roles in the growth of race/ethnic sub-populations and changes to the composition of the U.S. To examine this potential, we derive a reduced-form population balancing equation that treats fertility and international migration as given and estimates survival from period life table data. After subtracting out national increase and migration and adjusting the balance of observed growth for changes in racial measurement and census coverage, we argue that the remaining error of closure provides a reasonable estimate of net interracial mobility among the native born. Using recent Census and ACS microdata, we illustrate the impact that identity shifts may have had on the growth of race/ethnic sub-populations in the past quarter century. Findings suggest a small drift from the non-Hispanic white population into race/ethnic minority groups, though the pattern varies by age and between time periods.

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“…Their variability is not surprising in view of the difficulty of obtaining reliable figures. Stuckert (1964) estimated the total number of negroes passing into the white population as about 670,000 in the 100 years that he examined and since there are estimates for the annual rate of passing both above and below his figures, we may accept them as Stuckert, 1964Hart, 1921Burma, 1946from Day (1932) Stuckert, 1964Hart, 1921Johnson, 1925Stuckert, 1964Stuckert, 1964Eckard, 1947Stuckert, 1964Stuckert, 1964 reasonably realistic. However, most of these estimates derive from census data and ultimately, therefore, they can only measure the excess rate of passing of males over females.…”

Section: The Phenomenon Of Passingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of gene flow between Negroes and whites in the US

Dyer

1976

J. Biosoc. Sci.

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A review of the pattern and magnitude of negro-white mating in the US is presented from the time of the earliest arrival of negroes in the American colonies until the present, using historical, demographic, census and genetic evidence.The relative magnitude of negro male-white female matings compared to the converse are analysed in view of the different genetic outcomes of these two types of mating for X-linked genes. Contrary to many strongly stated opinions it is concluded from the historical evidence that, even from the earliest days of slavery, negro male-white female matings were a significant proportion of all negro-white matings. Census and demographic evidence suggests that their frequency increased so that from the time of the Civil War on they have formed a majority of inter-racial matings.Genetic evidence based on estimates of the amount of admixture of white genes in a number of negro populations is considered. Estimates of admixture for the X-linked genes G6PD, and those for colour blindness are as high or higher than those derived from comparable autosomal genes.Some observations on the total magnitude of negro-white mating, on the phenomenon of passing and on the relative socio-economic status of those involved are also made.The implications of the findings on these phenomena for investigations and hypotheses concerning differences in intelligence and intellectual abilities between the races, particularly spatial ability which is thought to be strongly influenced by a gene on the X chromosome, are considered.It is concluded that some of the assumptions made in proposing hypotheses regarding the origin and distribution of these abilities in the American negro are at variance with genetic, historical and sociological findings.

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Selective migration as a factor in child welfare in the United States ; with special reference to Iowa

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities

The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of the US Population: Emerging American Identities

2. Estimating Net Interracial Mobility in the United States: A Residual Methods Approach

Patterns of gene flow between Negroes and whites in the US

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