Selective Laser Melting of 18NI-300 Maraging Steel

Król, M.; Snopiński, Przemysław; Hajnyš, Jiří; Pagáč, Marek; Łukowiec, Dariusz

doi:10.3390/ma13194268

Cited by 33 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Other researchers studied the interface between SLM-produced maraging and H13 tool steel, confirming a lath martensite formation across the interface between the substrate and cladding surface, the hardness profile appeared homogeneous after solution treatment; however, the non-heat treated specimen displayed a fined morphology with the growth direction collinear to the building direction [ 20 ]. A recent study evaluated the performance of constant levels of energy in SLM-produced 18Ni300 alloy, the as-built optimised alloy showed a cellular morphology [ 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Deposited 18Ni300 Alloy Powder on 1045 Steel: Effect of Passes and Preheating on Microstructure

et al. 2022

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The application of maraging steels such as 18Ni300 alloy is noteworthy for mould industries, applying repair purposes through direct energy deposition process. This objective requires microstructural characterizations and the evaluation of mechanical behaviour such as hardness. The state of substrate material, including the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the interface between the HAZ and deposited layer, is essential, the formation of hard phases and abrupt transitions. Thus, the influence of the number of deposited layers or the pre-heating condition appears noteworthy. In the current study, microscopy observations did not reveal the presence of any crack in the cross-sections of deposited 18Ni300 alloy powder on AISI 1045 sheet steel; however, pores were observed in deposited layers. Besides, microscopic analyses revealed the achievement of a smooth HAZ in the deposited layers composed of three-layered depositions or that received preheating, confirmed by hardness measurements as well. Dilution effect ensured a metallurgical bonding between depositions and substrate, strongly affected by preheating. The HAZ microstructure, mainly martensitic transformation, distribution of chemical composition, epitaxial growth at the interface, and the size of crystals and grains were affected by preheating or the number of layers. Moreover, the heat propagation and/or dissipation across the deposited layers influenced the dendrite morphology and the texture of grains. The preheating condition provoked the formation of cellular/equiaxed dendrites that was highlighted in the three-layered deposition, increase in dendrite interspace growth.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Deposited 18Ni300 Alloy Powder on 1045 Steel: Effect of Passes and Preheating on Microstructure

et al. 2022

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“…This can be seen from the differences in the results of the analysis of volume samples, when the relative change of the parameter v (from 300 to 500 mm/s) and the preservation of the parameters P and h reached a relative density of up to 99.98%. Although this study is conceptually similar to the sources [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 18 , 19 ], the results are not comparable, mainly due to the layer thickness parameter, which the authors chose in the commonly used range of 20–50 µm. However, based on the obtained results from the performed experiments, it is possible to confirm the dependence from [ 19 ] at the layer thickness 100 µm, that low laser power and high scanning speed were insufficient to melt the metal powder.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…At a value of 0.175 mm, a porous and coarse structure was formed, while at a value of 0.125 mm a repeated melting and spherical formation occurred. Król et al [ 9 ] examined material 1.2709 based on varying laser speed, hatch distance, and layer thickness, while the last parameter was either 30 or 50 µm. The best relative density, approximately 99.3%, was found in a manufactured sample with 30 µm layer thickness, 340 mm/s laser speed, and 120 µm of hatch distance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Process Parameters for Additively Produced Tool Steel 1.2709 with a Layer Thickness of 100 μm

et al. 2021

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The purpose of this study was to find and optimize the process parameters of producing tool steel 1.2709 at a layer thickness of 100 μm by DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering). HPDC (High Pressure Die Casting) tools are printed from this material. To date, only layer thicknesses of 20–50 μm are used, and parameters for 100 µm were an undescribed area, according to the state of the art. Increasing the layer thickness could lead to time reduction and higher economic efficiency. The study methodology was divided into several steps. The first step was the research of the single-track 3D printing parameters for the subsequent development of a more accurate description of process parameters. Then, in the second step, volume samples were produced in two campaigns, whose porosity was evaluated by metallographic and CT (computed tomography) analysis. The main requirement for the process parameters was a relative density of the printed material of at least 99.9%, which was achieved and confirmed using the parameters for the production of the samples for the tensile test. Therefore, the results of this article could serve as a methodological procedure for optimizing the parameters to streamline the 3D printing process, and the developed parameters may be used for the productive and quality 3D printing of 1.2709 tool steel.

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“…Today, AM has reached a critical acceptance level, as evidenced by the rapid growth of commercial AM systems due to concurrent advances in the development of cost-effective industrial lasers, inexpensive high-performance computing hardware and software, and technological progress in the production of metal powder feedstocks [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Among the various AM techniques, the selective laser melting (SLM) process, also known as laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), uses a high-energy laser as a heat source that selectively melts a predeposited powder bed; it is currently considered one of the most advanced and promising AM techniques [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. This process, whose input material is a metal powder, is characterized by a number of key parameters, such as laser beam size and output power, scanning speed, and layer thickness [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Novel Co-Free Maraging Steel M789 Prepared by Additive Manufacturing

Brytan

Król

Benedyk³

et al. 2022

Materials

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This research aims to characterize and examine the microstructure and mechanical properties of the newly developed M789 steel, applied in additive manufacturing. The data presented herein will bring about a broader understanding of the processing–microstructure–property–performance relationships in this material based on its chemical composition and heat treatment. Samples were printed using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process and then the solution was annealed at 1000 °C for 1 h, followed by aging at 500 °C for soaking times of 3, 6 and 9 h. The AM components showed a relative density of 99.1%, which arose from processing with the following parameters: laser power of 200 W, laser speed of 340 mm/s, and hatch distance of 120 µm. Optical and electron microscopy observations revealed microstructural defects, typical for LPBF processes, like voids appearing between the melted pools of different sizes with round or creviced geometries, nonmelted powder particle formation inside such cavities, and small spherical porosity that was preferentially located between the molten pools. In addition, in heat-treated conditions, AM maraging steel has combined oxide inclusions of Ti and Al (TiO2:Al2O3) that reside along the grain boundaries and secondary porosities; these may act as preferential zones for crack initiation and may increase the brittleness of the AM steel under aged conditions. Consequently, the elongation of the AM alloy was low (<3%) for both annealed and aged solution conditions. The tensile strength of AM M789 increased from 968 MPa (solution annealed) to 1500–1600 MPa after the aging process due to precipitation within the intermetallic η-phase. A tensile strength and yield point of 1607 ± 26 and 1617 ± 45 MPa were obtained, respectively, after a full heat treatment at 500 °C/6 h. The results show that 3 h aging of solution annealed AM M789 steel achieves satisfactory material properties in industrial practice. Extending the aging time of printed parts to 6 h yields slightly improved properties but may not be worth the effort, while long-term aging (9 h) was shown to even reduce quality.

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Selective Laser Melting of 18NI-300 Maraging Steel

Cited by 33 publications

References 23 publications

Laser Deposited 18Ni300 Alloy Powder on 1045 Steel: Effect of Passes and Preheating on Microstructure

Laser Deposited 18Ni300 Alloy Powder on 1045 Steel: Effect of Passes and Preheating on Microstructure

Optimization of Process Parameters for Additively Produced Tool Steel 1.2709 with a Layer Thickness of 100 μm

Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Novel Co-Free Maraging Steel M789 Prepared by Additive Manufacturing

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