Selective highly charged ions as the prospective optical clock candidates with quality factors larger than $10^{15}$

Abstract

We propose here a few selective highly charged ions (HCIs), namely Ni 12+ and Cu 13+ , Pd 12+ and Ag 13+ , that not only promise to be very high accurate optical clocks below 10 −19 uncertainties, but also offer quality factors larger than 10 15 and yet possess simple atomic structures for the experimental set-up. Moreover, these ions have strong optical magnetic-dipole (M1) transitions than the previously proposed HCI clocks. They can be used for the cooling and detection techniques. To demonstrate the projected fractional uncertainties below 10 −19 level, we have estimated the typical orders of magnitudes due to many of the conventional systematics manifested in an atomic clock experiment, such as Zeeman, Stark, black-body radiation, and electric quadrupole shifts, by performing calculations of the relevant atomic properties.