Selective enhancement of associative learning by microstimulation of the anterior caudate

Williams, Ziv; Eskandar, Emad N.

doi:10.1038/nn1662

Cited by 219 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…result, we failed to observe rapid changes in neural activity during initial learning, as has been reported previously in studies that examined neural correlates of associative learning using procedurally familiar tasks (Brasted and Wise, 2004;Pasupathy and Miller, 2005;Williams and Eskandar, 2006;). Learningrelated changes in neural activity were observed at the time of response initiation (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Dorsomedial neurons represent arbitrary associations between stimuli and responses and adjust firing rates rapidly following changes in task contingencies (Brasted and Wise, 2004;Pasupathy and Miller, 2005;Watanabe and Hikosaka, 2005;Williams and Eskandar, 2006;). All of the above studies were done in animals with extensive experience with the task procedure.…”

Section: The Neural Basis Of Reversal Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Neurons in the dorsomedial striatum (or caudate nucleus) represent contingencies between stimuli, actions, and outcomes in a highly flexible manner (Balleine et al, 2007) and are thought to be crucial for rapidly switching plans of actions based on current task conditions (Kawagoe et al, 1998;Itoh et al, 2003;Pasupathy and Miller, 2005;Samejima et al, 2005;Watanabe and Hikosaka, 2005;Williams and Eskandar, 2006;Ding and Hikosaka, 2006;. Previous studies of the dorsomedial striatum were done in well trained subjects that had extensive experience with changes in task contingencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Dorsomedial Striatum Reflects Response Bias during Learning

Kimchi¹,

Laubach²

2009

J. Neurosci.

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Previous studies have established that neurons in the dorsomedial striatum track the behavioral significance of external stimuli, are sensitive to contingencies between actions and outcomes, and show rapid flexibility in representing task-related information. Here, we describe how neural activity in the dorsomedial striatum changes during the initial acquisition of a Go/NoGo task and during an initial reversal of stimulus-response contingencies. Rats made nosepoke responses over delay periods and then received one of two acoustic stimuli. Liquid rewards were delivered after one stimulus (Sϩ) if the rats made a Go response (entering a reward port on the opposite wall of the chamber). If a Go response was made to other stimulus (SϪ), rats experienced a timeout. On 10% of trials, no stimulus was presented. These trials were used to assess response bias, the animals' tendency to collect reward independent of the stimulus. Response bias increased during the reversal, corresponding to the animals' uncertainty about the stimulus-response contingencies. Most taskmodulated neurons fired during the response at the end of the delay period. The fraction of response-modulated neurons was correlated with response bias and neural activity was sensitive to the behavioral response made on the previous trial. During initial task acquisition and initial reversal learning, there was a remarkable change in the percentages of neurons that fired in relation to the task events, especially during withdrawal from the nosepoke aperture. These results suggest that changes in task-related activity in the dorsomedial striatum during learning are driven by the animal's bias to collect rewards.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: The Neural Basis Of Reversal Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Dorsomedial Striatum Reflects Response Bias during Learning

Kimchi¹,

Laubach²

2009

J. Neurosci.

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“…Numerous studies in mammals have shown that basal ganglia neurons change their task-related firing during learning (52,53), and that such changes can precede changes in cortical activity and behavior (54)(55)(56). Here, we extend these findings by directly demonstrating that the basal ganglia are required for specific, task-related cortical firing patterns that are critical for song motor plasticity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Task-related “cortical” bursting depends critically on basal ganglia input and is linked to vocal plasticity

Kojima

Kao

Doupe

2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits are critical for motor control and motor learning. Classically, basal ganglia nuclei are thought to regulate motor behavior by increasing or decreasing cortical firing rates, and basal ganglia diseases are assumed to reflect abnormal overall activity levels. More recent studies suggest instead that motor disorders derive from abnormal firing patterns, and have led to the hypothesis that surgical treatments, such as pallidotomy, act primarily by eliminating pathological firing patterns. Surprisingly little is known, however, about how the basal ganglia normally influence task-related cortical activity to regulate motor behavior, and how lesions of the basal ganglia influence cortical firing properties. Here, we investigated these questions in a songbird circuit that has striking homologies to mammalian basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits but is specialized for singing. The “cortical” outflow nucleus of this circuit is required for song plasticity and normally exhibits increased firing during singing and song-locked burst firing. We found that lesions of the striato-pallidal nucleus in this circuit prevented hearing-dependent song changes. These basal ganglia lesions also stripped the cortical outflow neurons of their patterned burst firing during singing, without changing their spontaneous or singing-related firing rates. Taken together, these results suggest that the basal ganglia are essential not for normal cortical firing rates but for driving task-specific cortical firing patterns, including bursts. Moreover, such patterned bursting appears critical for motor plasticity. Our findings thus provide support for therapies that aim to treat basal ganglia movement disorders by normalizing firing patterns.

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“…A case study of bilateral stimulation of the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus in a human induce sensations of déjà vu, vague flashes of memory, and appeared to show improved hippocampal-dependent memory [53]. High-frequency (200 Hz) electrical stimulation of the caudate, striatum or anterior cingulate during reinforcement might accelerate learning acquisition [171]. The hippocampus itself can be a target of open-loop stimulation: in-vivo stimulation given at 5 Hz (i.e., in the theta range) has been found to induce stable LTP in rats [147].…”

Section: Subcortical and Peripheral Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Techniques and devices to restore cognition

Serruya

Kahana

2008

Behavioural Brain Research

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Executive planning, the ability to direct and sustain attention, language and several types of memory may be compromised by conditions such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, cancer, autism, cerebral palsy and Alzheimer's disease. No medical devices are currently available to help restore these cognitive functions. Recent findings about the neurophysiology of these conditions in humans coupled with progress in engineering devices to treat refractory neurological conditions imply that the time has arrived to consider the design and evaluation of a new class of devices. Like their neuromotor counterparts, neurocognitive prostheses might sense or modulate neural function in a non-invasive manner or by means of implanted electrodes. In order to paint a vision for future device development, it is essential to first review what can be achieved using behavioral and external modulatory techniques. While non-invasive approaches might strengthen a patient's remaining intact cognitive abilities, neurocognitive prosthetics comprised of direct brain-computer interfaces could in theory physically reconstitute and augment the substrate of cognition itself.

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Selective enhancement of associative learning by microstimulation of the anterior caudate

Cited by 219 publications

References 28 publications

The Dorsomedial Striatum Reflects Response Bias during Learning

The Dorsomedial Striatum Reflects Response Bias during Learning

Task-related “cortical” bursting depends critically on basal ganglia input and is linked to vocal plasticity

Techniques and devices to restore cognition

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