Selective Electron Beam Melting of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Copper

Abstract

An oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) copper powder containing 5 vol% Al 2 O 3 as finely dispersed particles is processed by selective electron beam melting (SEBM), a powder bed based additive manufacturing technology. Contrary to usual powder characteristics used for SEBM, the particles show a non-spherical morphology and a copper oxide layer on their surface. A preheating strategy as well as melting parameters for successful generation of ODS-Cu samples is developed to achieve processability despite the adverse powder conditions. Specimens are built and their meso-and microscale structures are analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as energy dispersive X-ray analyses (EDX). Temperature depending phase separation effects previously encountered in literature during fabrication of ODS-Cu powders are taken into account. [1] Alumina particles were found to coagulate during the process. Partly the Al 2 O 3 was melted and separated from the Cu which resulted in heavy demixing of the system and subsequent loss of dispersion strengthening effect.

A Review on Additive Manufacturing of Pure Copper

“…Besides, most scholars are looking for ways to strengthen the performance of the parts on this basis. Pobel et al [21] studied the dispersion strengthening of oxide at SEBM pure copper. They added 2.28 wt% Al 2 O 3 to the pure copper powder.…”

“…The AM technology is expected to become the dominant processing method, in combination with computer aided design (CAD) [19,20]. AM is a technique in which materials are stacked layer by layer to form a part [21,22]. In recent years, with the development of AM technology, many processing methods have been proposed, such as extrusion, melting, light curing and spraying, etc.…”

“…Figure21. The relationship between electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and relative density[1,4,7,27,38,39,[47][48][49].…”

ANIZOTROPIJa MEHANIChESKIH SVOJSTV ALJuMINIEVOJ BRONZY, POLUChENNOJ METODOM JeLEKTRONNO-LUChEVOGO ADDITIVNOGO PROIZVODSTVA

“…Каждый из рассматриваемых материалов накладывает свои ограничения на процесс печати. Медь и медные сплав склонны к сильному окислению в процессе печати из порошкового филамента [2]. В то время как проволочная технология электронно-лучевой печати в вакууме позволяет значительно снизить окисление межслойных границ и тем самым способствует получению качественных изделий.…”

High‐Temperature Creep Properties of an Additively Manufactured Y2O3 Oxide Dispersion‐Strengthened Ni–Cr–Al–Ti γ/γ’ Superalloy

“…The challenges in processing and part complexity can be overcome by melt‐based additive manufacturing (AM), either by laser powder bed fusion (L‐PBF) or electron beam melting (EBM) to melt and consolidate the ODS powder, which features very short times in the liquid phase, thus helping to maintain isotropic dispersoid distribution within the solidified alloy. [ 16–19 ] As shown by several studies, oxide dispersoids can be created during AM (from oxygen contamination present as inclusions or oxide layers), or they can be deliberately added to the alloy powders prior to AM. [ 20–42 ] Due to applications in high‐radiation environments where Ni is avoided, Fe‐based ODS alloys typically receive the most attention.…”