Selective Electrochemical Determination of Dopamine with Molecularly Imprinted Poly(Carbazole‐co‐Aniline) Electrode Decorated with Gold Nanoparticles

Abstract

Dopamine (DA) is a significant neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, coexisting with uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). UA and AA are easily oxidizable compounds having potentials close to that of DA for electrochemical analysis, resulting in overlapping voltammetric response. In this work, a novel molecularly imprinted (MI) electrochemical sensor was proposed for selective determination of DA (in the presence of up to 80‐fold excess of UA and AA), relying on gold nanoparticles (Aunano)‐decorated glassy carbon (GC) electrode coated with poly(carbazole (Cz)‐co‐aniline (ANI)) copolymer film incorporating DA as template (DA imprinted‐GC/P(Cz‐co‐ANI)‐Aunano electrode, DA‐MIP‐Aunano electrode). The DA recognizing sensor electrode showed great electroactivity for analyte oxidation in 0.2 mol L−1 pH 7 phosphate buffer. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was performed within 10−4–10−5 mol L−1 of DA, of which the oxidation peak potential was observed at 0.16 V. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 2.0×10−6 and 6.7×10−6 mol L−1, respectively. Binary and ternary synthetic mixtures of DA‐UA, DA‐AA and DA‐UA‐AA yielded excellent recoveries for DA. Additionally, DA was quantitatively recovered from a real sample of bovine serum spiked with DA, and determined in concentrated dopamine injection solution. The developed SWV method was statistically validated against a literature potentiodynamic method using a caffeic acid modified‐GC electrode.

Recent developments in conducting polymers: applications for electrochemistry

“…They conrmed the validity of this new SWV in comparison to the earlier potentio-dynamic technique with a caffeic acid-modied-GC electrode. 68 In their study, Deiminiat and Rounaghi used CV and proposed a method to measure ketamine using a one-step electropolymerization of the MIP with the polytyramine (pty), sol-gel, functionalized MWCNTs@Au NPs (fMWCNTs@AuNPs) nano-composite and ketamine on a pencil graphite electrode (PGE). They entrapped the f-MWCNTs@AuNPs nanocomposite in the polymer network to augment the rate of the electron transfer and their sensor sensitivity.…”

High performance supercapacitive behaviors of oximes in a poly(aniline-co-pyrrole) based conducting polymer structure

“…98 In the electrochemical copolymer synthesis method, the morphological and chemical properties of the final product produced are repeatable when the synthesis parameters, the potential range and the number of cycles are kept under the same conditions. 99,100…”

Ti3C2Tx (MXene)/Pt nanoparticle electrode for the accurate detection of DA coexisting with AA and UA

“…While a low level of DA in the body can cause long-term degenerative diseases, such as Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. 1 AA, alternatively known as vitamin C, plays an important role in repairing tissues during metabolism and inhibits the damaging effects of free radicals. Low levels of AA can cause diseases such as scurvy, cancer, mental disorders, and digestive disorders.…”