Selective Detection of Chloroquine in Human Urine with Application at the Point-of-Care

Abstract

Chloroquine is an important, and commonly prescribed, antimalarial drug which can lead to the development of retinopathy and potential blindness. This paper reports on the design and fabrication of a highly selective potentiometric sensor for chloroquine, demonstrating the first use of ionophore-doped ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for its detection. Several molecules with known affinity for chloroquine were investigated as potential ionophores for the chloroquine ISE. Incorporating melanin as the ionophore resulted in a linear detection range of 10 mM to 2.4 µM and a limit of detection of 630 nM. Importantly, the melanin-doped ISE resulted in an increased selectivity by several orders of magnitude compared to an ionophore-free ISE. This added selectivity allowed for detection of chloroquine without interference from other commonly prescribed antimalarials, hydroxychloroquine, and quinine that have similar molecular structures. To determine the applicability of the melanin-doped ISE, chloroquine was successfully measured in human urine samples, and the results of the sensor were validated using a high-performance liquid chromatography protocol. To demonstrate the utility of the sensor, the components of the ISE were translated to a paper-based potentiometric device capable of detecting chloroquine between 10 mM and 100 µM, covering the biologically relevant range excreted in human urine

In Situ Generated Dye@MOF/COF Heterostructure for Fluorescence Detection of Chloroquine Phosphate and Folic Acid via Different Luminescent Channels

“…Chloroquine phosphate (CQP) is commonly used for the prevention and treatment of malaria, as well as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma. , In 2020, CQP, as an effective drug for the treatment of COVID-19, received widespread attention. , However, excessive use of CQP can have certain adverse effects on the human body, including mild symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal tract, as well as serious side effects, including cardiac arrest, blindness, renal failure, and arrhythmia. − After administration, a portion of CQP is excreted from the body through urine and feces. − CQP has bioaccumulation properties, affecting biological physiological functions, and posing a significant threat to aquatic organisms. − Therefore, it is necessary to develop reliable analytical methods to quantitatively detect CQP in the serum and urine. Folic acid (FA) is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in the physiological metabolism of the human body .…”

In Situ Electrochemical Development of Highly Charged TiO 2 -NPs Nanoparticles Decorated With Reduced Graphene Oxide For The Detection of Trace Chloroquine In Contaminated Human Urine And Serum Samples

“…As a result, numerous hospitals added hydroxychloroquine to their recommendations for the critically ill. patients or those who are resistant to supportive and conditional care. After four weeks, the FDA published a Drug Safety Sending out a message cautioning against use outside of the hospital due to the possibility of an arrhythmia, or a clinical trial [3,7,8]. Finally, the FDA cancelled the emergency use permit on June 15, 2020, citing an uncertain benefit and worries for major adverse events.…”

“…For the prevention and treatment of malaria, short doses of chloroquine are utilized [8]; for the treatment and prophylaxis of COVID-19, hydroxychloroquine has been employed [8]. While antimalarial prophylaxis with oral medicine lasts for 6 weeks, the standard course of intravenous chloroquine for the treatment of malaria lasts 2 days (doxycycline or clindamycin is typically coadministered) [11].…”

“…While antimalarial prophylaxis with oral medicine lasts for 6 weeks, the standard course of intravenous chloroquine for the treatment of malaria lasts 2 days (doxycycline or clindamycin is typically coadministered) [11]. Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine trials for the treatment of COVID-19 typically last 10 days or less (ranging from 5 days to 3 weeks) [8,10]. We searched publications published online on June 10, 2020: ("Chloroquine" or "Hydroxychloroquine") AND to find toxicity in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with COVID-19 ("Coronavirus" or "COVID-19" or "SARS-CoV-2").…”

Identifying Hypocalcemia in Dairy Cattle by Combining 3D Printing and Paper Diagnostics

“…[9][10][11] This work developed a potentiometric sensor using a 3D printed ion-selective membrane (ISM) to determine Ca 2+ in sodium (Na) heparinized bovine whole blood. Potentiometry 12 is an ideal technique for the development of a POC diagnostic device 13,14 because: (i) the ISM can be integrated into low-cost paper-based materials, 15,16 (ii) ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) are highly selective for the target analyte through the incorporation of ionophores (molecular recognition elements), [17][18][19] (iii) ISEs routinely have short response times (∼1 s), 20 and (iv) potentiometric sensors do not require intricate or expensive instrumentation for signal measurement and can easily be interfaced with both bench-top and portable potentiostats/potential meters. 21,22,30 In a recent review by Özbek et al, the authors highlight the rapid developments made in potentiometric analysis through paper-based devices.…”