Selective conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid via microwave-assisted synthesis in ionic liquids

Ren, Hai; Zhou, Yong‐Gui; Liu, Li

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.132

Cited by 137 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 20 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The use of acidic ionic liquids for the saccharification of cellulose and its subsequent conversion into important platform molecules like hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, and levulinic acid has been well explored [97][98][99][100][101][102][103].…”

Section: As Acid Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquids: Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis

Rajni

2014

Advances in Chemistry

208

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Ionic liquids have emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative to the volatile organic solvents. Being designer solvents, they can be modulated to suit the reaction conditions, therefore earning the name "task specific ionic liquids. " Though primarily used as solvents, they are now finding applications in various fields like catalysis, electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and material science to mention a few. The present review is aimed at exploring the applications of ionic liquids in catalysis as acid, base, and organocatalysts and as soluble supports for catalysts.

show abstract

Section: As Acid Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquids: Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis

Rajni

2014

Advances in Chemistry

208

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Under these conditions 20 wt % yield was obtained from empty fruit bunch compared to 15.5 wt % yield achieved in the absence of the ionic liquid [110]. Some attempts have also been made to selectively convert cellulose into LA using MW-assisted synthesis in SO 3 H-functionalized ionic liquids: after 30 min at 160 • C a LA yield of 39.4 wt % was reached [142]. Nevertheless, ionic liquids also show important drawbacks.…”

Section: Biphasic Systems and Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ionic liquids are salts consisting of ions which are liquid at ambient temperatures or below 100 • C [135]. The stability, the low vapor pressure, the easy separation and recyclability of ionic liquids, coupled with the fact that their physical and chemical properties can be easily tuned by varying the ions, are some of the important reasons for the intense interest for the use of these solvents to convert raw biomass into added-value products [136][137][138][139][140][141][142]. Catalytic conversion of biomass to LA in the ionic liquid [EMIM][Cl] using a hybrid catalyst (CrCl 3 and HY-zeolite) has shown to yield 46 wt % of LA from cellulose working at 61.8 • C for 14.2 min.…”

Section: Biphasic Systems and Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Frontiers in the Catalytic Synthesis of Levulinic Acid: From Sugars to Raw and Waste Biomass as Starting Feedstock

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Levulinic acid (LA) is one of the top bio-based platform molecules that can be converted into many valuable chemicals. It can be produced by acid catalysis from renewable resources, such as sugars, lignocellulosic biomass and waste materials, attractive candidates due to their abundance and environmentally benign nature. The LA transition from niche product to mass-produced chemical, however, requires its production from sustainable biomass feedstocks at low costs, adopting environment-friendly techniques. This review is an up-to-date discussion of the literature on the several catalytic systems that have been developed to produce LA from the different substrates. Special attention has been paid to the recent advancements on starting materials, moving from simple sugars to raw and waste biomasses. This aspect is of paramount importance from a sustainability point of view, transforming wastes needing to be disposed into starting materials for value-added products. This review also discusses the strategies to exploit the solid residues always obtained in the LA production processes, in order to attain a circular economy approach.

show abstract

“…Numerous catalysts, acids and solvents have been described in the LA forming process: trifluoroacetic acid in fluorinated solvents, 8 solid catalysts including amberlites 9 and zeolites, 10,11 acetone, water, supercritical carbon dioxide fluids, 12 and ionic liquids. 13,14 In general, the most common procedure for the hydrolysis of cellulose and biomass entails the use of mineral acids. Cha and Hanna showed that the main mineral acids' order of reactivity was HBr > HCl > H2SO4 corresponding to the strength of their primary dissociation constants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%