Selective Breeding for High Endurance Running Increases Hindlimb Symmetry

Garland, Theodore; Freeman, Patricia W.

doi:10.1554/05-181.1

Cited by 43 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…In a long-term laboratory experiment involving mice, Garland and Freeman [269] selected for running endurance. The high-runner lines had reduced directional asymmetry of their hind limb bones.…”

Section: Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Fluctuating Asymmetry of Human Populations: A Review

Graham

Özener

2016

Symmetry

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Fluctuating asymmetry, the random deviation from perfect symmetry, is a widely used population-level index of developmental instability, developmental noise, and robustness. It reflects a population's state of adaptation and genomic coadaptation. Here, we review the literature on fluctuating asymmetry of human populations. The most widely used bilateral traits include skeletal, dental, and facial dimensions; dermatoglyphic patterns and ridge counts; and facial shape. Each trait has its advantages and disadvantages, but results are most robust when multiple traits are combined into a composite index of fluctuating asymmetry (CFA). Both environmental (diet, climate, toxins) and genetic (aneuploidy, heterozygosity, inbreeding) stressors have been linked to population-level variation in fluctuating asymmetry. In general, these stressors increase average fluctuating asymmetry. Nevertheless, there have been many conflicting results, in part because (1) fluctuating asymmetry is a weak signal in a sea of noise; and (2) studies of human fluctuating asymmetry have not always followed best practices. The most serious concerns are insensitive asymmetry indices (correlation coefficient and coefficient of indetermination), inappropriate size scaling, unrecognized mixture distributions, inappropriate corrections for directional asymmetry, failure to use composite indices, and inattention to measurement error. Consequently, it is often difficult (or impossible) to compare results across traits, and across studies.

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Section: Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Fluctuating Asymmetry of Human Populations: A Review

Graham

Özener

2016

Symmetry

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“…Mice from S lines have larger femoral heads and more symmetrical hindlimb bone lengths (Garland and Freeman, 2005;Kelly et al, 2006). Interestingly, S lines exhibit reduced hindlimb muscle mass, especially in two lines that contain a Mendelian recessive allele that halves hindlimb muscle mass while increasing mass-specific aerobic capacity and having a variety of other pleiotropic effects Houle-Leroy et al, 2003;Syme et al, 2005;Kelly et al, 2006).…”

Section: Table·1 Total Revolutions During 6 Days Of Wheel Access Formentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution

Garland

Kelly

2006

Journal of Experimental Biology

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There were two errors published in J. Exp. Biol. 209, 2344-2361 First, on p. 2355 in the first complete paragraph of the section entitled 'Plasticity of exercise-related traits', the authors stated:If we imagine further that S and C mice housed without wheels showed no difference (or at least values similar to those of C mice housed with wheels), then the S mice seem to be more responsive to wheel exposure, i.e. they are more plastic.The sentence should have read:If we imagine further that S and C mice housed without wheels showed values similar to those of C mice housed with wheels, then the S mice seem to be more responsive to wheel exposure, i.e. they are more plastic.Second, on pp. 2355-2356, beginning in column 2 of p. 2355, the authors stated:For hematocrit in females, Table·2 shows that the ln likelihood of the nested ANCOVA model without wheel running (-75.7) is larger (less negative, in this case) than for the model with wheel running (-83.7). As the latter model contains one additional parameter (estimating the effect of wheel running), twice the difference in ln likelihoods (16.0, in this case) can be compared with a χ 2 distribution with one degree of freedom, for which the critical value for P=0.05 is 3.841. Therefore, the model with wheel running as an additional covariate yields a significantly worse fit to the data, and we conclude that the difference in hematocrit between S and C mice when housed with wheel access is not best explained as a simple function of the greater running by S mice.The paragraph should have read:For hematocrit in females, Table·2 shows that the ln likelihood of the nested ANCOVA model without wheel running is -78.1 whereas for the model with wheel running it is -77.9. As the latter model contains one additional parameter (estimating the effect of wheel running), twice the difference in ln likelihoods (0.3 in this case) can be compared with a χ 2 distribution with one degree of freedom, for which the critical value for P=0.05 is 3.841. Therefore, the model with wheel running as an additional covariate does not fit the data significantly better, and we conclude that the difference in hematocrit between S and C mice when housed with wheel access is not best explained as a simple function of the greater running by S mice.We apologise to the authors and readers for these errors but do not believe that they compromise the overall results and conclusions of the paper. Erratum 2344Introduction Natural selection tends to act most strongly on aspects of the phenotype (traits) at relatively high levels of biological organization because they are the most strongly correlated with Darwinian fitness (e.g. lifetime reproductive success). Components of life history, behaviors and aspects of organismal performance (for reviews, see Ketterson and Nolan, Jr, 1999;Irschick and Garland, Jr, 2001;Kingsolver and Huey, 2003;Costa and Sinervo, 2004) are 'complex traits' in that they are composed of many subordinate traits at lower levels of biological organization (Fig.·1). Thus, the evolutiona...

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“…As a group, the four replicate selected lines show a diverse suite of morphological, biochemical, physiological, and behavioural differences from the four non-selected control lines (e.g. Swallow et al, 1999;Girard et al, 2001;Garland and Freeman, 2005;Kelly et al, 2006;Bilodeau et al, 2009;Rezende et al, 2009;Swallow et al, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the mini-muscle trait might provide an advantage in terms of endurance capacity during voluntary running. The reduction in limb mass in these mice is reminiscent of the thin, lightweight limb morphology seen in 'classical' cursorial mammals, such as deer and antelope [references in Garland and Freeman (Garland and Freeman, 2005)] (Kelly et al, 2006). Although much of the cost of cursorial locomotion seems to involve supporting body mass (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Locomotor trade-offs in mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running

Dlugosz

Chappell

McGillivray

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYWe investigated sprint performance and running economy of a unique 'mini-muscle' phenotype that evolved in response to selection for high voluntary wheel running in laboratory mice (Mus domesticus). Mice from four replicate selected (S) lines run nearly three times as far per day as four control lines. The mini-muscle phenotype, resulting from an initially rare autosomal recessive allele, has been favoured by the selection protocol, becoming fixed in one of the two S lines in which it occurred. In homozygotes, hindlimb muscle mass is halved, mass-specific muscle oxidative capacity is doubled, and the medial gastrocnemius exhibits about half the mass-specific isotonic power, less than half the mass-specific cyclic work and power, but doubled fatigue resistance. We hypothesized that mini-muscle mice would have a lower whole-animal energy cost of transport (COT), resulting from lower costs of cycling their lighter limbs, and reduced sprint speed, from reduced maximal force production. We measured sprint speed on a racetrack and slopes (incremental COT, or iCOT) and intercepts of the metabolic rate versus speed relationship during voluntary wheel running in 10 mini-muscle and 20 normal S-line females. Mini-muscle mice ran faster and farther on wheels, but for less time per day. Mini-muscle mice had significantly lower sprint speeds, indicating a functional trade-off. However, contrary to predictions, mini-muscle mice had higher COT, mainly because of higher zero-speed intercepts and postural costs (intercept-resting metabolic rate). Thus, mice with altered limb morphology after intense selection for running long distances do not necessarily run more economically.

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Selective Breeding for High Endurance Running Increases Hindlimb Symmetry

Cited by 43 publications

References 29 publications

Fluctuating Asymmetry of Human Populations: A Review

Fluctuating Asymmetry of Human Populations: A Review

Phenotypic plasticity and experimental evolution

Locomotor trade-offs in mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running

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