Selective Breakdown of (Ligno)cellulose in Ionic Liquids

Xie, Haibo; Zhao, Zongbao K.

doi:10.5772/14681

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…The dehydration of carbohydrate to produce valuable chemicals, such as HMF, is a typical acid-catalyzed process; [3] furthermore, the catalytic conversion of carbohydrate is attracting extensive attention because of the good solubility of carbohydrates in ILs and the unique properties of ILs for catalysis. [17] The first thought that comes to mind is whether LS is an effective catalyst for the dehydration of carbohydrates. As shown in Figure 2, an HMF yield of 88.5 % was achieved in only 5 min when 10 wt % of fructose was added into the 2.5 wt % LS-[Bmim]Cl solution at 100 8C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Conversion of Inulin and Fructose into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Lignosulfonic Acid in Ionic Liquids

Xie¹,

Zhao²,

Wang³

2012

ChemSusChem

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In this work, we found that lignosulfonic acid (LS), which is a waste byproduct from the paper industry, in ionic liquids (ILs) can catalyze the dehydration of fructose and inulin into 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) efficiently, which is a promising potential substitute for petroleum‐based building blocks. The effects of reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading, and reusability of the catalytic system were studied. It was found that a 94.3 % yield of HMF could be achieved in only 10 min at 100 °C under mild conditions. The reusability study of the LS–IL catalytic system after removal of HMF by ethyl acetate extraction demonstrated that the catalytic activity decreased from 77.4 to 62.9 % after five cycles and the catalytic activity could be recovered after simply removing the accumulated humins by filtration after adding ethanol to the LS–ILs. The integrated utilization of a biorenewable feedstock, catalyst, and ILs is an example of an ideal green chemical process.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Conversion of Inulin and Fructose into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Lignosulfonic Acid in Ionic Liquids

Xie¹,

Zhao²,

Wang³

2012

ChemSusChem

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“…However, the realisation of a commercial process based on this technology has remained very challenging to date, as it requires the use of ILs that meet the very demanding requirements of good cellulose dissolution, enzyme compatibility and low viscosity. 23 …”

Section: Enzymatic Hydrolysis In Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28 It is unfortunate that ILs that have been most studied based on their ability to dissolve cellulose -such as 1,3 dialkylimidazolium ILs with chloride, dicyanamide, formate and acetate anions -are not very compatible with enzymes. 23 These anions, which are strong hydrogen-bond acceptors, tend to denature the enzymes. Also the high viscosity of these ILs has an adverse effect on the in situ biocatalytic transformations.…”

Section: Enzymatic Hydrolysis In Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 The first step is the cellulose activation through the protonation of the glycosidic oxygen, followed by formation of a cyclic carbocation via the slow unimolecular scission of the glycosidic linkage, and finally the nucleophilic attack on the cyclic carbocation species by a water molecule to create the hydroxyl group in the carbon at the C(1) position in the anhydroglucose unit. Even though the second step in the mechanism is rate limited, the protonation of the glycosidic oxygen has been reported to be difficult and slow with some electron-deficient acetals during the hydrolysis process.…”

Section: Acid-catalysed Hydrolysis In Ionic Liquidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 Current biorefinery research with ILs is heavily weighted towards the fermentation of cellulosic monosugars for the production of bioethanol. 22 For the hydrolysis of the cellulosic materials to yield fermentable sugars in ILs, there are three types of approaches that have been typically employed 23 as described below. November/December 2015 crystallinity is made possible by the regeneration.…”

Section: Ionic Liquids As Solvents In Biorefinery Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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critical review of ionic liquids for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass

Reddy¹

2015

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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HOW TO CITE:Reddy P. A critical review of ionic liquids for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. S Afr J Sci. 2015;111(11/12), Art. #2015-0083, 9 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10. 17159/ sajs.2015/20150083 Ionic liquids have been the subject of active research over the course of the last decade and have in the past been touted as one of the most promising technologies for revolutionising the chemical and petrochemical industries. The sheer abundance of potential ionic liquid structures coupled with their tuneable physico-chemical properties has endeared ionic liquids to the scientific community across a broad range of disciplines with potential applications that include pharmaceuticals, electrolytes, thermal energy storage media and liquid mirror telescopes. Within the context of a biorefinery for the production of biofuels and other bio-based products from renewable resources, the unique abilities of some ionic liquids to selectively dissolve biomass components or whole native biomass have been demonstrated. This ability has sparked extensive investigations of ionic liquids for the pretreatment of different biomass types, particularly for the production of cellulosic biofuels. However, the esoteric nature of ionic liquids persists and constructing a fundamental framework for correlating ionic liquid structures with useful applications remains a significant challenge. In addition to the above, the more practical challenges of toxicity, high costs, high viscosities, low solids loading and complex recycling are key factors hindering the wide-scale uptake of ionic liquids as pretreatment solvents in a commercial biorefinery. This critical review provides insights from academic studies and the implications thereof for elevating ionic liquids from the status of 'promising' to 'commercialisable' in the pretreatment of biomass. It is vital that key hurdles for the commercialisation of ionic liquids in the form of high costs, high viscosities, poor water tolerance, toxicity, low solids loading and recovery/recycling be addressed.

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An ionic liquid reaction and separation process for production of hydroxymethylfurfural from sugars

Liu

Zheng

et al. 2013

AIChE Journal

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Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is viewed as a potential platform material to make a variety of chemicals and products out of renewable resources. In this work, a complete ionic liquid reaction and separation process is presented for nearly stoichiometric conversion of fructose into HMF. The silicalite adsorbent material is demonstrated for separation of 99% pure HMF out of ionic liquid reaction mixtures through a packed column and for recovery of the unconverted sugars and reaction intermediates along with the ionic liquid. Membrane‐coated silicalite particles are prepared and studied for a practical adsorption process with separation performances comparable to or better than the powder material. It is discovered that nearly all the fresh fructose feed could be converted into HMF with the recycled ionic liquid under suitable reaction conditions. These research results lead to a new HMF production process much simpler than the current paraxylene manufacturing process from petroleum oil. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 300–314, 2014

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Selective Breakdown of (Ligno)cellulose in Ionic Liquids

Cited by 6 publications

References 74 publications

Catalytic Conversion of Inulin and Fructose into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Lignosulfonic Acid in Ionic Liquids

Catalytic Conversion of Inulin and Fructose into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural by Lignosulfonic Acid in Ionic Liquids

critical review of ionic liquids for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass

An ionic liquid reaction and separation process for production of hydroxymethylfurfural from sugars

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