Selective and Regenerable Surface Based on β-Cyclodextrin for Low-Density Lipoprotein Adsorption

Abstract

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides, whose unique hydrophilic outer surface and lipophilic central cavity facilitate the formation of inclusion complexes with various biomolecules, such as cholesterol and phospholipids, via multi-interactions. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the main carrier of cholesterol in bloodstream and is associated with the progression of atherosclerosis. The surface of LDL is composed of a shell of phospholipids monolayer containing most of the free unesterified cholesterol as well as the single copy of apolipoprotein B-100. To date, various LDL adsorbents have been fabricated to interact with the biomolecules on LDL surface. Owing to its elegant structure, CD is considered to be a promising choice for preparation of more economical and effective LDL-adsorbing materials. Therefore, in this study, interaction between β-CD and LDL in solution was investigated by dynamic light scattering, circular dichroism, and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Further, a supramolecular surface based on β-CD was simply prepared by self-assembled monolayer on gold surface. The effect of hydrogen bond and the cavity of β-CD on the interaction between β-CD and LDL was particularly explored by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. The SPR results showed that such β-CD-modified surface exhibited good selectivity and could be largely regenerated by sodium dodecyl sulfate wash. This study may extend the understanding of the interaction between LDL and LDL adsorbent or the design and development of more efficient and lower-cost LDL adsorbents in the future.

Selective Molecular Recognition of Low Density Lipoprotein Based on β-Cyclodextrin Coated Electrochemical Biosensor

“…The excellent specificity and sensitivity of β-CD opens up a new avenue to recognize and quantify LDL in human blood for preventing ACDs in the future. According to our previous work [9], the effect of hydrogen bond and the cavity of β-CD on the interaction between β-CD and LDL was particularly explored by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. The SPR results showed that such β-CD-modified surface exhibited good selectivity.…”

“…LDL is a large protein composed of lipid and positively charged apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB100), which can be recognized by negatively charged adsorption materials via electrostatic interaction [5][6][7][8]. Fang et al pointed out that in addition to the charge effect, saccharides or saccharide-like structures are also an important factor for LDL recognition [9]. Therefore, high LDL adsorption capacity contain charge effect and saccharides structures, such as heparin, chitosan derivatives, sulfated dextran, cucurbit, sodium alginate, polyacrylic acid, etc.…”

Biomembrane‐mimetic hemoperfusion adsorbent for efficient removal of low‐density lipoprotein from hyperlipemia blood

“…It was evident that hydrophilic adsorbent containing only negatively charged moieties (PVA@COOH), its adsorption for LDL was relative low. Since LDL adsorption is benefited on hydrophobic surfaces, [21][22][23][24][25]30 the adsorption capacity for LDL was significantly enhanced on adsorbents bearing PE ligands compared with both PVA (p < .01) and PVA@COOH (p < .001). The adsorption capacity enhanced with the increased addition amount of PE, which indicated that the hydrophobic phospholipid fatty acid chains played a critical role in the adsorption of LDL.…”

“…Thus, LDL particles can be seen as small oil droplets due to the rich content of lipids. The adsorption of LDL has been found to be favored on hydrophobic surfaces or adsorbent bearing desired amount of hydrophobic ligands 21–25 . Based on the hydrophobicity of LDL particles, phospholipid fatty acid chains are considered as ideal ligands for preparation of LDL adsorbent 26 .…”

“…The adsorption of LDL has been found to be favored on hydrophobic surfaces or adsorbent bearing desired amount of hydrophobic ligands. [21][22][23][24][25] Based on the hydrophobicity of LDL particles, phospholipid fatty acid chains are considered as ideal ligands for preparation of LDL adsorbent. 26 Phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) is the main constituents found in all biological membranes.…”