Selection of micronutrients used along with DMSA in the treatment of moderately lead intoxicated mice

Abstract

The objective of this study was to explore the optimum combination of micronutrients used with 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in the treatment of moderately lead-intoxicated mice. Experiment was carried out based on the orthogonal design L(8)(2(7)) setting six factors with two different levels of each, and eight groups of mice were needed. Mice were exposed to lead by drinking water contaminated with 0.1% lead acetate for four consecutive weeks, and then supplemented by gavage with different combinations of micronutrients with and without DMSA as designed in the orthogonal table. Lead levels in blood, liver, kidney, brain and bone and activities of blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) were analyzed after cessation of supplementation. The results suggested that DMSA was the only factor which could decrease significantly lead levels in blood, liver, kidney and bone; calcium and ascorbic acid were the notable factors decreasing lead levels in blood, liver, kidney, bone and brain; zinc and calcium were the notable factors reversing the lead-inhibited activities of blood ALAD; taurine was the notable factor decreasing lead levels in kidney and brain; and thiamine was the notable factor decreasing lead levels in brain. The lowest lead level in blood, liver, kidney and bone was shown in the mice supplemented with combination of calcium and ascorbic acid along with DMSA. In conclusion, the optimum combination of micronutrients used with DMSA suggested in present study was calcium and ascorbic acid, which seemed to potentiate the chelating efficacy of DMSA in the treatment of moderately lead intoxicated mice.

Developmental toxicity of lead in rats after gestational exposure and the protective role of taurine

“…[ 37 ] Exposure to Pb was shown to induce anemia either through interfering with heme synthesis or by increasing erythrophagocytosis, which accelerates RBCs clearance. [ 38,39 ] Our result showed leukocytosis in Pb‐treated dams and fetuses and this could be an inflammatory response to Pb‐induced tissue damage. Abdel‐Moneim et al [ 40 ] showed that Pb is a potent inducer of cortisol stress hormone in the body.…”

Effect of Glycine on Lead Mobilization, Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress, and Hepatic Toxicity in Rats

“…Ascorbic acid, vitamin E, methionine, and α -lipoic acid have been administered along with lead or after lead exposure. Data suggest that antioxidants may play an important role in abating some hazards of lead, increasing lead mobilization, and providing recoveries in altered biochemical variables [9, 10]. …”

Protective Effects of Dietary Supplements Containing Probiotics, Micronutrients, and Plant Extracts Against Lead Toxicity in Mice

“…This may be due to the antioxidative stress role of vitamin C and plant extracts in the dietary supplements. Compared with the supplementation of micronutrients, catechins, or procyanidins alone ( Patra et al, 2001 ; Zhang et al, 2004 ; Liao et al, 2008 ; Yin et al, 2008 ), the dietary supplements in the present study provided more significant protective effects to reduce the Pb burden in the mice. This may be explained by a synergistic effect of multiple nutrients from DSA and DSB to increase Pb excretion and prohibit Pb absorption.…”

“…Microcrystalline cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose and silicon dioxide served as filler, disintegrant and lubricant, respectively ( Liu et al, 2009 ; Mahmoud et al, 2009 ). The doses of micronutrients, plant extracts, and probiotics were selected based on previous studies to provide protective effects against Pb toxicity ( Liao et al, 2008 ; Mehana et al, 2012 ; Tian et al, 2012 ; Waggas, 2012 ). Dietary supplements A (DSA) and B (DSB) were designed to evaluate the protection of a plant extracts-probiotics mixture and a micronutrients-probiotics mixture, respectively.…”