Selection of Graphite Pencil Grades for the Design of Suitable Electrodes for Stacking Multiple Single‐Inlet Paper‐Pencil Fuel Cells

Arun, Ravi Kumar; Gupta, Vinay; Singh, Preeti; Biswas, Gautam; Chanda, Nripen

doi:10.1002/slct.201802960

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…The cumulative energy density generated from the device after five cycles are measured as~200 mW after regeneration of the fuel by applying external voltage. [6][7][8][9] Kjeang et al presented a planar MFC using graphite as electrodes to generate an energy density of 35 mW cm −2 at 2 M vanadium concentration. The present self-standing spiral-shaped MFC will eliminate the challenges associated with two inlet membrane-less fuel cells and has the potential to scale up for commercial application in portable energy generation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,4,5 Recently, the paper-based MFCs became familiar as capillary-based self-pumping membrane-less fuel cells in energy generation. [6][7][8][9] Kjeang et al presented a planar MFC using graphite as electrodes to generate an energy density of 35 mW cm −2 at 2 M vanadium concentration. 10 In all these studies, the surface area of the electrode and convective-diffusive mass transport play a crucial role in electrochemical reactions in MFCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A spiral shaped regenerative microfluidic fuel cell with Ni‐C based porous electrodes

et al. 2019

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Summary Microchannel geometry, electrode surface area, and better fuel utilization are important aspects of the performance of a microfluidic fuel cell (MFC). In this communication, a membraneless spiral‐shaped MFC fabricated with Ni as anode and C as a cathode supported over a porous filter paper substrate is presented. Vanadium oxychloride and dilute sulfuric acid solutions are used as fuel and electrolyte, respectively, in this fuel cell system. The device generates a maximum open‐circuit voltage of ~1.2 V, while the maximum energy density and current density generated from the fuel cell are ~10 mW cm−2 and ~51 mA cm−2, respectively. The cumulative energy density generated from the device after five cycles are measured as ~200 mW after regeneration of the fuel by applying external voltage. The spiral design of the fuel cell enables improved fuel utilization, rapid diffusive transport of ions, and in‐situ regeneration of the fuel. The present self‐standing spiral‐shaped MFC will eliminate the challenges associated with two inlet membrane‐less fuel cells and has the potential to scale up for commercial application in portable energy generation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spiral shaped regenerative microfluidic fuel cell with Ni‐C based porous electrodes

et al. 2019

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“…The electrodes were prepared using graphite pencils by creating multiple strokes and placed over the microchannel with appropriate dimensions. 18 As shown in Figure 5, the rectangular graphite electrodes (2.5 cm in length × 0.2 cm in width) were prepared on a cellulose paper along the length of the microchannel. In this arrangement, the active surface area of the electrode of MPFC was 0.5 cm 2 .…”

Section: Mpfc Electrode Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, hereby, a simple and optimized MPFC is presented. Here, formic acid and sulfuric acid act as fuel and electrolyte, respectively, and a combination of the strokes of different graphite pencils was used to fabricate the electrodes . Moreover, cellulose papers of various grades (Gr 6, Gr 3, Gr 41, and Gr 113) have been used as absorbent pads for the improvement of cell performance with Gr 1 paper as microchannel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance optimization of microfluidic paper fuel‐cell with varying cellulose fiber papers as absorbent pad

et al. 2020

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Summary Miniaturization of devices, combined with other features such as portability, proneness to automation, rapid performance, amenability to integration, multiplexing, and cost‐effectiveness, is rapidly increasing for various sensing and energy harvesting applications. One such emerging area is the development of microfluidic fuel cell on cellulose papers, which has enormous scope to optimize its performance. This is primarily because such devices eliminate the need for membranes as well as external pumps since they have built‐in colaminar flow embedded capillaries. Such peripherals are usually used in conventional microfluidic fuel cells, which are fabricated using methods like photolithography, PDMS lithography, and 3D printing. This paper presents investigations on microfluidic paper–based fuel cells (MPFCs) with different cellulose absorbent pads for their performance optimization. Herein, the MPFC utilizes formic acid as fuel, oxygen from quiescent air as oxidant, and sulfuric acid as electrolyte for conducting ionic exchange under colaminar flow. The electrodes are realized through simple pencil strokes depositing a thin layer of graphite. The porous graphite electrodes act as diffusion agents breathing oxygen directly from the atmospheric air. Such an MPFC configuration, costing less than US $1, was optimized to achieve maximum energy density by examining various combinations of absorbent pads with different grades of cellulose papers. It is seen that the maximum open circuit potential is 0.46 V, while the maximum current and power densities are 1505.66 μAcm−2 and 173.97 μWcm−2, respectively, with a grade 6 absorbent pad. Such performance can be further enhanced by investigating MPFCs with various graphite pencils with a diverse number of strokes at different concentration levels.

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“…Most of the recent researches in the field of paper–pencil based microfuel cells employ manual deposition of graphite on the paper for fabricating the electrode. Arun et al reported formic acid microfluidic fuel cell with manual graphite pencil electrodes with diverse grades of pencils 10 , 11 . Veerubhotla and Ye et al studied performance with graphite pencil stroke electrodes on paper based microbial fuel cells 12 , 13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated pencil electrode formation platform to realize uniform and reproducible graphite electrodes on paper for microfluidic fuel cells

Rao

Rewatkar

Dubey

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Graphite pencil stroked electrodes for paper-based Microfluidic devices are gaining immense attention due to their electrochemical properties, cost efficiency, and ease-of-use. However, their widespread use has been hindered by the challenges associated with their manual fabrication such as non-uniformity in graphite deposition, applied pressure, etc. This work presents the design and development of an automated graphite pencil stroking device for graphite electrode fabrication with high efficiency through a compact, inexpensive and automatic process, with reduced fabrication time and human intervention leading to more uniformity. The motion platform of Graphtec plotter was used to create multiple strokes with the help of the proposed device. Such inexpensive graphite electrodes (less than the US $1) have been observed to be porous in nature, acting as diffusion agents. The automated graphite electrodes were used to study the performance of microfluidic paper fuel cells (MPFCs) with formic acid, oxygen, and sulphuric acid acting as fuel, oxidising agent and electrolyte respectively. From this configuration, the maximum current density and power density were measured to be 1,305.5 µA cm −2 and 135.5 µW cm −2 , respectively at 0.3 V stable OCP at 100 strokes. Overall, the study enumerates the development of an automated pencil stroke device for fabricating graphite electrodes, which can potentially be harnessed in numerous miniaturized paper based applications. Microfluidic devices with integrated electrodes, or electromicrofluidic devices, have attained essential roles in diverse areas, including energy harvesting for portable applications and sensing devices 1-3. Paper-pencil based microfluidic fuel cell is one of the most recent vital advancements to develop point of the source (POS) and point of care (POC) devices owing to the well-proven benefits of microfluidic environment and graphite electrodes 4,5. In recent years, graphite pencils are being used as electrodes and have shown encouraging outcomes and promising features of MPFCs when compared with the existing approaches. Initially approaches on graphite electrodes, Aoki et al. demonstrated the first use for of graphite material (pencil lead), as electrodes 6. Bandapati et al. investigated the performance of membraneless glucose biofuel cell with various grades of graphite pencils act as electrodes 7,8. Rewatkar et al. examined 3D printed enzymatic biofuel cell performance with graphite pencil as an electrodes 9. In spite of the numerable benefits of such devices, they come with an inherent setback of the physically fabricated electrodes with non-uniform deposition of graphite due to the subjective nature of the applied pressure and manual counting of the number of strokes. Most of the recent researches in the field of paper-pencil based microfuel cells employ manual deposition of graphite on the paper for fabricating the electrode. Arun et al. reported formic acid microfluidic fuel cell with manual graphite pencil electrodes with diverse grades of pencils 1...

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Selection of Graphite Pencil Grades for the Design of Suitable Electrodes for Stacking Multiple Single‐Inlet Paper‐Pencil Fuel Cells

Cited by 31 publications

References 44 publications

A spiral shaped regenerative microfluidic fuel cell with Ni‐C based porous electrodes

A spiral shaped regenerative microfluidic fuel cell with Ni‐C based porous electrodes

Performance optimization of microfluidic paper fuel‐cell with varying cellulose fiber papers as absorbent pad

Automated pencil electrode formation platform to realize uniform and reproducible graphite electrodes on paper for microfluidic fuel cells

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