“…1 as the Crown and Kt points [8] [9] [31]. The FE model is developed in ABAQUS 6.14 and automated using a Python script, considering both material and geometric nonlinearities using the explicit solver with C3D8R elements and a mass-scaling factor of 100, based on a previously developed method [32]. A 1/8 th portion of the chain is modelled that takes advantage of the three symmetry planes and minimises the computational cost, as shown in Fig.…”