Selection, mechanism, cross resistance and stability of spinosad resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Comparative toxicity and sublethal effects of emamectin benzoate, lufenuron and spinosad on Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…In this regard, the comparative effectiveness of new insecticides (EB, LU and SP) related to different groups was investigated to show the most effective insecticide on the Egyptian cotton leafworm. Although SP has been found effective against pests of orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, and some representative insect species of Coleoptera and Orthoptera (Thompson et al, 2000;Osorio et al, 2008;Rehan and Freed, 2014), EB was the most effective insecticide at acute and chronic levels against both 3rd and 5th larval instars compared with LU or SP. EB is still considered to be an effective tool for management of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) for most regions in Pakistan according to Ishtiaq et al (2012), who found that populations of this pest are more susceptible to EB, LU, and SP compared to pyrethroid and 1.9 (0.2) 11.9 (2) 0.013 163.8 312.3 a Degree of freedom.…”

Baseline susceptibility and resistance stability of Earias vittella fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to cypermethrin, deltamethrin and spinosad

“…Previously, baseline susceptibility to various insecticides has been assessed in H. armigera (Ahmad et al 2003;Bird 2015), S. litura (Rehan & Freed 2014;Su et al 2012), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Temple et al 2009) and P. xylostella (Li et al 2015). In this study, bioassays performed on the first generation showed baseline susceptibility values of 1.24, 0.94 and 0.16 ppm for cypermethrin, deltamethrin and spinosad, respectively ( Table 1).…”

Monitoring resistance of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) to new chemical insecticides in Punjab, Pakistan

“…Previously, resistance to insect growth regulators have been reported in a variety of insect pests, e.g. B. tabaci (Crowder et al, 2008;Ma et al, 2010), M. domestica (Bell et al, 2010;Tang et al, 2002), P. xylostella (Cao and Han, 2013;Sun et al, 2012) and S. litura Rehan and Freed, 2014;Shad et al, 2012). The variability in resistance could be due to different selection pressure on each population and different resistance mechanisms among the populations resulting in either a delay or an increased rate of resistance development (Silva et al, 2011).…”