Selection for Salt Tolerance in Tidal Freshwater Swamp Species: Advances Using Baldcypress as a Model for Restoration

Krauss, Ken W.; Chambers, Jim L.; Creech, David

doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5095-4_14

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Field investigations show that various tidal freshwater forests of the Gulf and south Atlantic coasts are undergoing dieback reportedly related to saltwater intrusion and surge events (Brinson et al, 1985Gardner et al, 1991;Ross et al, 1994;Williams et al, 1999Williams et al, , 2003Williams et al, , 2007Doyle et al, 2003a;Conner et al, 2007a;Krauss et al, 2009). The degree and process of tidal freshwater forest degradation can be subtle with the initial loss of species diversity, lack of seedling regeneration, and disjunct size-class distributions of more saltsensitive species (Williams et al, , 2003(Williams et al, , 2007Conner et al, 2007a;Krauss et al, 2007Krauss et al, , 2009. Declines in stemwood and litter production may also occur prior to incidental or widespread tree mortality (Doyle et al, 2007b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Predicting the retreat and migration of tidal forests along the northern Gulf of Mexico under sea-level rise

Doyle

Krauss

Conner

et al. 2010

Forest Ecology and Management

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139

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Predicting the retreat and migration of tidal forests along the northern Gulf of Mexico under sea-level rise

Doyle

Krauss

Conner

et al. 2010

Forest Ecology and Management

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139

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“…Clusters of baldcypress and its associates may be adapted to tidal flooded wetlands even with occasional episodic saltwater intrusion events (Day et al ., ; Krauss and Duberstein, ). In coastal areas the spatial distribution of baldcypress generally follows variations in mean soil pore water salinity, with forests generally transitioning to marsh as soil salinity exceeds 2 ppt chronically (Krauss et al ., ), but these same forests are able to survive acute pulses of greater salinity (Conner and Inabinette, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hydrologic exchanges and baldcypress water use on deltaic hummocks, Louisiana, USA

et al. 2016

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Coastal forested hummocks support clusters of trees in the saltwater-freshwater transition zone. To examine how hummocks support trees in mesohaline sites that are beyond physiological limits of the trees, we used salinity and stable isotopes ( 2 H and 18 O) of water as tracers to understand water fluxes in hummocks and uptake by baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.), which is the most abundant tree species in coastal freshwater forests of the southeastern U.S. Hummocks were always partially submerged and were completely submerged 1 to 8% of the time during the two studied growing seasons, in association with high water in the estuary. Salinity, δ 18 O, and δ 2 H varied more in the shallow open water than in groundwater. Surface water and shallow groundwater were similar to throughfall in isotopic composition, which suggested dominance by rainfall. Salinity of groundwater in hummocks increased with depth, was higher than in swales, and fluctuated little over time. Isotopic composition of xylem water in baldcypress was similar to the vadose zone and unlike other measured sources, indicating that trees preferentially use unsaturated hummock tops as refugia from higher salinity and saturated soil in swales and the lower portions of hummocks. Sustained upward gradients of salinity from groundwater to surface water and vadose water, and low variation in groundwater salinity and isotopic composition, suggested long residence time, limited exchange with surface water, and that the shallow subsurface of hummocks is characterized by episodic salinization and slow dilution.

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“…Previous studies have differentiated between acute and chronic exposure to salinity (Krauss et al ). Acute salinity sources include storm surges and droughts, which expose plants to a short duration (<30 days) of higher salinity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our results suggest that periodic salinization events even with low levels of salinity can decrease growth of baldcypress by 20-60%. Previous studies have differentiated between acute and chronic exposure to salinity (Krauss et al 2007). Acute salinity sources include storm surges and droughts, which expose plants to a short duration (<30 days) of higher salinity.…”

Section: Field Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disentangling the effects of drought, salinity, and sulfate on baldcypress growth in a coastal plain restored wetland

Powell

Jackson

Ardón

2016

Restoration Ecology

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Because of their dominance in swamps of the southeastern United States, baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) trees are commonly used in wetland restoration. Though baldcypress are known to tolerate moderate flooding and salinity, their growth has been shown to decrease when they experience drought and high salinity. This study examined the effects of drought and elevated salinity on the growth of baldcypress seedlings and saplings. In a restored wetland in North Carolina, we examined the growth of 8-year-old baldcypress by measuring height and diameter at breast height (DBH) along salinity, nutrient, and flooding gradients. In a greenhouse, we placed 1-year-old baldcypress seedlings in either drought or saturated conditions and applied different water treatments: fresh water, sulfate, and artificial salt water (5 ppt [parts per thousand]). Over 26 weeks, we measured diameter at root collar, height, and biomass. In the field, chloride concentrations in soil solution had a negative effect on DBH and height (51 and 36% decrease, respectively); high water levels had a negative effect on height (47% decrease) and DBH (46% decrease). In the greenhouse, both drought and salinity decreased diameter growth (43 and 61% decline, respectively) and height (64 and 43% decline, respectively). Sulfate did not have a significant effect on diameter growth, but caused a 14% decrease in height. Our results suggest that both drought and salinity (even as low as 1 ppt) can lead to a 20-60% decline in baldcypress growth. Restoration practitioners should consider the negative consequences of both drought and increased salinity on baldcypress growth when planning for wetland restoration.

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Selection for Salt Tolerance in Tidal Freshwater Swamp Species: Advances Using Baldcypress as a Model for Restoration

Cited by 20 publications

References 39 publications

Predicting the retreat and migration of tidal forests along the northern Gulf of Mexico under sea-level rise

Predicting the retreat and migration of tidal forests along the northern Gulf of Mexico under sea-level rise

Hydrologic exchanges and baldcypress water use on deltaic hummocks, Louisiana, USA

Disentangling the effects of drought, salinity, and sulfate on baldcypress growth in a coastal plain restored wetland

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