“…Our observation that LR males live as long or even longer than virgin males stands in striking contrast to data from solitary insects, in which virgin males outlive reproductive individuals (e.g., Onthophagus binodis dung beetles (Kotiaho & Simmons, )) or in which male life span is negatively associated with mating frequency ( Anopheles mosquitoes (Dao et al., )), and also to data from other animals in which reproductively active males have a decreased life span (Hellriegel & Blanckenhorn, ; Nakatsuru & Kramer, ; Preston, Stevenson, Pemberton, & Wilson, ; Van Voorhies, ). However, it matches results from the only other study about the association between life span and reproductive efforts in social insect males: wingless males of the ant Hypoponera opacior , which mated at least once, lived longer than virgin males (Kureck, Nicolai, & Foitzik, ). Yet, this result might be attributable to early eclosing males having higher chances to mate than later eclosing males and workers killing H. opacior males after all female sexuals have eclosed (Foitzik, Heinze, Oberstadt, & Herbers, ; Kureck et al., ).…”