Selection and evaluation of sequential extraction procedures for the determination of phosphorus forms in lake sediment

Abstract

In order to achieve comparable measurements in the determination of phosphate forms in freshwater sediments, the Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme (formerly BCR) of the European Commission has launched a project the first step of which was to select and evaluate collaboratively existing extraction procedures. This was carried out through expert consultations and a literature survey, and was followed by the organisation of a first interlaboratory study for the evaluation of four sequential extraction schemes, one of which was selected as the most promising method for achieving comparability. This scheme, a modified version of the Williams protocol, was further tested in a second interlaboratory study. The so-called SMT extraction scheme seems promising and will provide, in the near future, a valuable tool for water managers in the field of lake restoration. It will be particularly helpful in estimating the stock of P potentially available, hence the risk of eutrophication due to internal P release.

Characteristics of phosphorus components in the sediments of main rivers into the Bohai Sea

“…The P fractionation procedure was based on the improved standard measurement and test (SMT) procedure of phosphorus forms in freshwater sediments (Ruban et al, 1999(Ruban et al, , 2001. And the OP content calculated according to the difference between TP and IP (Aspila et al, 1976).…”

“…Accordingly, there are a variety of methods for the research of sediment P (Wang et al, 2013), and the most commonly used is SMT, which is launched by the European Commission through the Standards, Measurements and Testing Program. The fractionations include NaOH-extractable P, HCl-extractable P, organic P, inorganic P and concentrated-HCl-P (Ruban et al, 1999(Ruban et al, , 2001. The SMT protocol has been used to understand the origin and solubility of sedimentary P by the limnological and marine geochemists, and also applied to analyzed the P fractions in soil and sewage sludge samples (González Medeiros et al, 2005;Lair et al, 2009;Zehetner et al, 2008;Xie et al, 2011;Zhu et al, 2013).…”

A multisyringe flow-through sequential extraction system for on-line monitoring of orthophosphate in soils and sediments

“…Within the framework of the Standards, Measurement and Testing Programme (SMT) of the European Commission, a batch extraction protocol for fractionation of phosphorus in environmental solids was harmonized in order to improve the reproducibility among laboratories [32]. The so-called SMT protocol was originally designed to obtain five phosphorus fractions, namely, total phosphorus (TP), inorganic phosphorus (IP), organic phosphorus (OP), apatite phosphorus (Ca-bound P) and non-apatite phosphorus (Al and Fe-bound P).…”

“…In this context, the Hietljes-Lijklema (HL) procedure [31] and the harmonized protocol from the Standards, Mesurement and Testing (SMT) program of the European Commission [32] were selected and conducted in a dynamic fashion. Careful optimization of the chemical variables for the derivatization reactions is regarded to be crucial for appropriate performance of the analyzer due to the extreme pH conditions of the extracts obtained on-line in the various partitioning steps, not only to attain the desired selectivity, especially in regard to the presence of silicon, but also ensure the distinction between ortophosphate and organic-bound phosphorus.…”

Effectiveness and Mode of Action of Calcium Nitrate and Phoslock® in Phosphorus Control in Contaminated Sediment, a Microcosm Study

“…NO 3 − -N was determined by phenol disulfonic acid spectrophotometric method. TN was calculated as the sum of TKN, NO 2 − -N, and NO 3 − -N. TP was measured as described by Ruban et al (1999). The sequential extraction scheme of Psenner et al (1984) with slightly modifications was used for P fractionation.…”