Selection and Characterization of a Carrot Cell Line Tolerant to Glyphosate

Abstract

Cultured carrot (Daucs carota L.) cells were adapted to growing in 25 millimolar glyphosate by transfer into progressively higher concentrations ofthe herbicide. Tolerance was increased 52-fold, and the adaptation was stable in the absence of glyphosate. The uptake of glyphosate was similar for adapted and nonadapted cells. Activity of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase was 12-fold higher in the adapted line compared to nonadapted cells, while activities of shikimate dehydrogenase and anthranilate synthase were similr in the two cell types. The adapted cells had higher levels of free amino acids-especially threonine, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine, and arginine than did nonadapted cells. Glyphosate treatment caused decreases of 50 to 65% in the levels of serine, glycine, methionine, tyrosine, phenybaanine, and tryptophan in nonadapted cells, but caused little change in free amino acid levels in adapted cells.The adaptation reported here supports the growing body of evidence linking tolerance to glyphosate with increased levels of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase. The elevated levels of aromatic amino acids, which may confer resistance in adapted cells, suggest that control of the shikimate pathway may be altered in these cells.The overproduction of enzymes required for growth has been observed in inhibitor-resistant lines of both mammalian (1, 10) and plant (3, 19) cells. In the case of the mammalian cells, the increases were due to gene amplification. The shikimic acid pathway enyme EPSP2 synthase has been found to be strongly inhibited by the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl]glycine) (15), and adaptation of plant cells to this herbicide has been accompanied by large increases in the extractable activity of this enzyme (3).While higher levels of EPSP synthase activity have been reported for cells growing in glyphosate, the effect of this change on levels of aromatic amino acids has not been reported. Glyphosate Uptake. Two g of cells in log phase were transferred into 100 ml medium containing 910 cpm/ml of (methyl-'4C) glyphosate and a total glyphosate concentration of0.25 mm.Three replicate flasks were used for each cell type. At 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, and 48 hr after transfer, 10-ml aliquots were taken and cells were collected on Miracloth. After washing three times with 5 ml of medium containing 0.25 mM unlabeled glyphosate, cells were weighed and dispersed in gel formed by adding 4 ml H20 and 15 ml Aquasol. Radioactivity was determined with a Packard scintillation spectrometer.Amino Acids. Five g of cells in early stationary phase (10 d after transfer) were inoculated into 100 ml fresh medium in 250-ml flasks. Four

Selection and Characterization of Sethoxydim- Tolerant Maize Tissue Cultures

“…An alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cell line that had a 60-to 100-fold increase in tolerance to PPT, an inhibitor of GS, only exhibited a 3-to 7-fold increase in herbicide-sensitive GS activity (8). A glyphosate-tolerant carrot (Daucus carota) cell line exhibited a 50-fold increase in tolerance and a 12-fold increase in EPSP synthase activity compared with the control (21). Alternatively, closer correspondence of EPSP synthase overproduction and glyphosate tolerance level were reported for a glyphosate-tolerant Petunia hybrida cell line (28,30).…”

Can glyphosate’s disruption of the gut microbiome and induction of sulfate deficiency explain the epidemic in gout and associated diseases in the industrialized world?

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