Selecting valuable information to remember: Age-related differences and similarities in self-regulated learning.

Castel, Alan D.; Murayama, Kou; Friedman, Morton P.; McGillivray, Shannon; Link, Ian

doi:10.1037/a0030678

Cited by 106 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…These effects have been shown using a variety of memory tests including free and serial recall, and recognition memory (Adcock et al, 2006;Eysenck & Eysenck, 1982;Harley, 1965;Loftus & Wickens, 1970;Madan, Caplan, Lau, & Fujiwara, 2012;Spaniol, Schain, & Bowen, 2013;Wolosin, Zeithamova, & Preston, 2012). Furthermore, these findings extend to value-based learning where points are used instead of monetary incentives (Ariel & Castel, 2014;Castel, 2007;Castel, Benjamin, Craik, & Watkins, 2002;Castel, Murayama, Friedman, McGillivray, & Link, 2013;Friedman & Castel, 2011;Soderstrom & McCabe, 2011). Taken together these findings suggest that people are acting to maximize reward and are able to allocate cognitive resources during learning so that higher value items are better encoded than lower value items.…”

supporting

confidence: 55%

Adaptive scaling of reward in episodic memory: a replication study

Mason

Ludwig

Farrell

2017

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Reward is thought to enhance episodic memory formation via dopaminergic consolidation. Bunzeck, Dayan, Dolan, and Duzel [(2010). A common mechanism for adaptive scaling of reward and novelty. Human Brain Mapping, 31, 1380–1394] provided functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and behavioural evidence that reward and episodic memory systems are sensitive to the contextual value of a reward—whether it is relatively higher or lower—as opposed to absolute value or prediction error. We carried out a direct replication of their behavioural study and did not replicate their finding that memory performance associated with reward follows this pattern of adaptive scaling. An effect of reward outcome was in the opposite direction to that in the original study, with lower reward outcomes leading to better memory than higher outcomes. There was a marginal effect of reward context, suggesting that expected value affected memory performance. We discuss the robustness of the reward memory relationship to variations in reward context, and whether other reward-related factors have a more reliable influence on episodic memory.

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supporting

confidence: 55%

Adaptive scaling of reward in episodic memory: a replication study

Mason

Ludwig

Farrell

2017

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…Prior experiments have, however, demonstrated value-directed remembering without explicitly referring to item value as it related to recall goals (Friedman et al, 2015) or to high-value items specifically (Castel, Lee, Humphreys, & Moore, 2011;Castel, Murayama, Friedman, McGillivray, & Link, 2013). Making the instructions less explicit might impact List 1 performance, in that participants could otherwise overestimate their ability to remember all of the items and thus not immediately take item value into account, but it is not thought that the instructions alone account for the overall performance or selectivity improvements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory for Allergies and Health Foods: How Younger and Older Adults Strategically Remember Critical Health Information

Middlebrooks

McGillivray

Murayama

et al. 2015

GERONB

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Objectives: While older adults often display memory deficits, with practice, they can sometimes selectively remember valuable information at the expense of less value information. We examined age-related differences and similarities in memory for health-related information under conditions where some information was critical to remember. Method: In Experiment 1, participants studied 3 lists of allergens, ranging in severity from 0 (not a health risk) to 10 (potentially fatal), with the instruction that it was particularly important to remember items to which a fictional relative was most severely allergic. After each list, participants received feedback regarding their recall of the high-value allergens. Experiment 2 examined memory for health benefits, presenting foods that were potentially beneficial to the relative's immune system. Results: While younger adults exhibited better overall memory for the allergens, both age groups in Experiment 1 developed improved selectivity across the lists, with no evident age differences in severe allergen recall by List 2. Selectivity also developed in Experiment 2, although age differences for items of high health benefit were present. Discussion: The results have implications for models of selective memory in older age, and for how aging influences the ability to strategically remember important information within health-related contexts.

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“…This selectivity is particularly apparent within tasks that explicitly vary the objective value of the to-be-remembered information. According to a “value-directed remembering” framework (Castel, 2008; Castel, McGillivray, & Friedman, 2012), older adults can remember higher-value information as well as younger adults by selectively prioritizing and encoding this information over less important information (Castel, Benjamin, Craik, & Watkins, 2002; Castel et al, 2013). Furthermore, McGillivray and Castel (2011) demonstrated that both younger and older adults can learn to selectively choose to focus on and remember high value items when there are consequences associated with the failure to recall this higher value information.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory for medication side effects in younger and older adults: The role of subjective and objective importance

et al. 2014

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Older adults often experience memory impairments, but can sometimes use selective processing and schematic support to remember important information. The current experiments investigate to what degree younger and healthy older adults remember medication side effects that were subjectively or objectively important to remember. Participants studied a list of common side effects, and rated how negative these effects were if they were to experience them, and were then given a free recall test. In Experiment 1, the severity of the side effects ranged from mild (e.g., itching) to severe (e.g., stroke), and in Experiment 2, certain side effects were indicated as critical to remember (i.e., “contact your doctor if you experience this”). There were no age differences in terms of free recall of the side effects, and older adults remembered more severe side effects relative to mild effects. However, older adults were less likely to recognize critical side effects on a later recognition test, relative to younger adults. The findings suggest that older adults can selectively remember medication side effects, but have difficulty identifying familiar but potentially critical side effects, and this has implications for monitoring medication use in older age.

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Selecting valuable information to remember: Age-related differences and similarities in self-regulated learning.

Cited by 106 publications

References 43 publications

Adaptive scaling of reward in episodic memory: a replication study

Adaptive scaling of reward in episodic memory: a replication study

Memory for Allergies and Health Foods: How Younger and Older Adults Strategically Remember Critical Health Information

Memory for medication side effects in younger and older adults: The role of subjective and objective importance

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