Selected Zoonoses

Fox, James G.; Otto, G; Colby, Lesley A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409527-4.00028-6

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 299 publications

(301 reference statements)

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“…The case fatality rate of R. typhi infection in our study (6.8%) is higher than previously reported (0.3 to 4%) (28)(29)(30). Our study's higher mortality may be related to presence of comorbidities in 5 of the 7 fatal cases.…”

Section: Clinical Characteristicscontrasting

confidence: 82%

Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: Observational study results

Lokida¹,

Hadi

Lau

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Reports of human rickettsial infection in Indonesia are limited. This study sought to characterize the epidemiology of human rickettsioses amongst patients hospitalized with fever at 8 tertiary hospitals in Indonesia.Methods: Acute and convalescent blood from 975 hospitalized non-dengue patients was tested for rickettsia IgM and IgG by ELISA. Specimens from cases with seroconversion or increasing IgM and/or IgG titers were tested for rickettsia IgM and IgG by IFA and rickettsia genomes using primers for Rickettsia (R.) sp, R. typhi, and Orientia tsutsugamushi. Testing was performed retrospectively on stored specimens; results did not inform patient management.Results: Subject tested positive for R. typhi, R. rickettsia, and O. tsutsugamushi IgG antibodies were identified in 269/872 (30.8%), 36/634 (5.7%), and 19/504 (3.8%) of subjects, respectively. For the 103/975 (10.6%) non-dengue patients diagnosed with acute rickettsial infection, presenting symptoms included nausea (72%), headache (69%), vomiting (43%), lethargy (33%), anorexia (32%), arthralgia (30%), myalgia (28%), chills (28%), epigastric pain (28%), and rash (17%). No acute rickettsioses cases were suspected during hospitalization. Discharge diagnoses included typhoid fever (44), dengue fever (20), respiratory infections (7), leptospirosis (6), unknown fever (6), sepsis (5), hepatobiliary infections (3), UTI (3), and others (9). Fatalities occurred in 7 (6.8%) patients, mostly with co-morbidities.Conclusions: Rickettsial infections are consistently misdiagnosed, often as leptospirosis, dengue, or Salmonella typhi infection. Clinicians should include rickettsioses in their differential diagnosis of fever to guide empiric management; laboratories should support evaluation for rickettsial etiologies; and public policy should be implemented to reduce burden of disease.

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Section: Clinical Characteristicscontrasting

confidence: 82%

Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: Observational study results

Lokida¹,

Hadi

Lau

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Only 20.4% of the farmers reported managing biosecurity by placing footbath and handwash stations at the access point to the fish production facility. Bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus iniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Lactococcus garvieae, and Mycobacterium marinum can be transmitted mechanically from fish to humans and vice versa through handling [58]. However, the risk of humans spreading fish disease pathogens is low unless they are workers working in handling live fish and the activities are conducted within a few hours of two different rearing units.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of the Risk Factors Associated with Disease Outbreaks across Tilapia Farms in Central and Southern Zambia

Ndashe

Hang’ombe

Changula

et al. 2023

Fishes

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The study investigated the management practices that contribute to disease outbreaks in farmed tilapia in Lusaka and central and southern provinces in Zambia. It was a cross-sectional qualitative study undertaken from January to March 2021 in which questionnaires were administered to 49 farmers to assess their fish health management and biosecurity competence. Data were analysed using means, percentages, ratios, and logistical regression. The results showed that the majority of the farms had high stocking densities (>8 fish/m2, 44.4%), reared Nile tilapia (67.7%), and sourced water for farming from rivers and streams (45.7%). A few farmers measured water quality parameters daily (16.7%) and removed dead fish from ponds daily (20.8%). The stocking density (p = 0.013), fish species (p = 0.031), dead fish disposal methods (p = 0.023), and control of predator birds (p = 0.016) influenced the total mortality recorded on farms, while pond type (p = 0.031 and p = 0.045), water source (p = 0.023), and stocking density (p = 0.027) influenced the duration of a mortality episode. It is evident that some fish health management practices and biosecurity concepts among tilapia farmers in the study area are inadequate and may not contain disease outbreaks or the spread of pathogens.

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“…Despite a significant degree of genomic heterogeneity in simian HAV isolates, they are considered to be a single serotype [ 59 , 62 ]. Regarding golden snub-nosed monkeys as a potential source of HAV, evidence from the current literature indicates that NHPs could be infected by HAV through close contact with infected humans/NHPs [ 63 ]. In addition, contaminated fruits and vegetables are common conduits for HAV infection in humans [ 64 , 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Survey and Risk Factor Analysis of 14 Potential Pathogens in Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys at Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China

Wang

et al. 2023

Pathogens

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Golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) belong to Class A, the highest level of endangered primate species. Exploring the infection status of potential pathogens in golden snub-nosed monkeys is important for controlling associated diseases and protecting this species. The objective of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence for a number of potential pathogens and the prevalence of fecal adenovirus and rotavirus. A total of 283 fecal samples were collected from 100 golden snub-nosed monkeys in December 2014, June 2015, and January 2016; 26 blood samples were collected from 26 monkeys in June 2014, June 2015, January 2016 and November 2016 at Shennongjia National Reserve in Hubei, China. The infection of 11 potential viral diseases was examined serologically using an Indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA) and Dot Immunobinding Assays (DIA), while the whole blood IFN-γ in vitro release assay was used to test tuberculosis (TB). In addition, fecal Adenovirus and Rotavirus were detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). As a result, the Macacine herpesvirus-1 (MaHV-1), Golden snub-nosed monkey cytomegalovirus (GsmCMV), Simian foamy virus (SFV) and Hepatitis A virus (HAV) were detected with the seroprevalence of 57.7% (95% CI: 36.9, 76.6), 38.5% (95% CI: 20.2, 59.4), 26.9% (95% CI: 11.6, 47.8), and 7.7% (95% CI: 0.0, 84.2), respectively. Two fecal samples tested positive for Adenovirus (ADV) by PCR, with a prevalence of 0.7% (95% CI: 0.2, 2.5), and further, the amplification products were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they belonged to the HADV-G group. However, other pathogens, such as Coxsackievirus (CV), Measles virus (MeV), Rotavirus (RV), Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), Simian type D retroviruses (SRV), Simian-T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), Simian varicella virus (SVV), Simian virus 40 (SV40) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (TB) were negative in all samples. In addition, a risk factor analysis indicated that the seroprevalence of MaHV-1 infection was significantly associated with old age (≥4 years). These results have important implications for understanding the health status and conservation of the endangered golden snub-nosed monkey population at Shennongjia Nature Reserve.

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Selected Zoonoses

Cited by 10 publications

References 299 publications

Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: Observational study results

Underdiagnoses of Rickettsia in patients hospitalized with acute fever in Indonesia: Observational study results

An Assessment of the Risk Factors Associated with Disease Outbreaks across Tilapia Farms in Central and Southern Zambia

Epidemiological Survey and Risk Factor Analysis of 14 Potential Pathogens in Golden Snub-Nosed Monkeys at Shennongjia National Nature Reserve, China

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