Selected transformation products of neonicotinoid insecticides (other than imidacloprid) in drinking water

Determination and Dissipation of Thiamethoxam and Its Six Major Metabolites in Spring Wheat and Soil

“…4 The metabolites, CLO, TMX-urea, and DN-TMX, have been detected in drinking water. 5 DM-TMX and DM-CLO were extensively detected in honey samples. 6 Metabolism of a pesticide in plants is not necessarily a process of detoxification.…”

“…Subsequently, TMX either undergoes N -demethylation to form desmethyl-thiamethoxam (DM-TMX) or is converted to the nitroso compound TMX-NNO and then forms desnitro-thiamethoxam (DN-TMX) and thiamethoxam-urea (TMX-urea) via a reduction reaction . The metabolites, CLO, TMX-urea, and DN-TMX, have been detected in drinking water . DM-TMX and DM-CLO were extensively detected in honey samples .…”

“…Previous studies have reported several analytical methods for TMX and its metabolites. Thus far, detection methods for DN-TMX, DN-CLO in water, and DM-TMX in wheat have been well established. , Most previous studies have only focused on the metabolite CLO and do not include other metabolites. − In this study, TMX and its six major metabolites were chosen as representatives. The majority of the reported methods focused on the modification of the QuEChERS method, which exhibited the limits of quantitation (LOQs) of 10.0 or even 50.0 μg/kg. ,, In this study, the solid phase extraction (SPE) purification method was effective in removing chlorophyll and pigments in wheat ear, leaf, and stem samples and afforded higher detection sensitivity.…”

“…Thus far, detection methods for DN-TMX, DN-CLO in water, and DM-TMX in wheat have been well established. 3,5 Most previous studies have only focused on the metabolite CLO and do not include other metabolites. 14−16 In this study, TMX and its six major metabolites were chosen as representatives.…”

Associations between neonicotinoids and liver function measures in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2016

“…3 Several studies have found high levels of neonicotinoids in soil samples and water sources around the world. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Fruits and vegetables sampled in the United States (US) were found to have more than 90% detectable levels of neonicotinoids. 14,15 High levels of neonicotinoids have also been found in dust samples in China and the US, [16][17][18] air around farmland in Canada, 19 and among Italian household air samples.…”