Selected Data on Public Supplies of the 100 Largest Cities in the United States, 1962

Abstract

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been recording the changes that have occurred in municipal water utility practices for the last four decades. The scope of the latest study was limited to the 100 largest cities in the United States, as determined by the 1960 census, in order that comprehensive spectrographic and radiochemical analyses could be included. This article presents a summary of the study, including the following information for each of the 100 cities: suburban towns supplied by the city system; population of the city; total population served; sources of supply; auxiliary and emergency sources of supply; if available, the lowest 30‐day mean discharge of streams used for public water supply; treatment; rated capacity of each treatment plant; and, raw‐water and finished water storage capacity. Diagrams have been prepared for 58 cities showing the sources, treatment plants, and areas served by the municipal system. This article provides a list of the 100 largest cities in the U.S., according to the 1960 census, showing population served, sources of public water supply, treatment, and type of raw‐ and treated‐water analyses reported.

Defining centric diatoms of most relevant phytoplankton functional groups in deep karst lakes

“…The lowest alkalinity was measured at Lake Vransko, with a mean value below 120 mg l -1 , which classifies it as a moderately hard lake. Alkalinity was much higher in the other lakes, with Lake Prošće having the highest values of 232-237 mg l -1 , which classifies it as a very hardtype lake (Durfor & Becker, 1964). Electrical conductivity of the lakes was relatively high, ranging from 425 to 465 lS cm -1 , except for Lake Kozjak, where the lowest values and widest ecological valence were detected (368-415 lS cm -1 ).…”

Variations on a method for evaluating decadal-scale changes in the groundwater quality of two GAMA coastal study units 2004–14, California GAMA Priority Basin Project

“…Calcium and magnesium are the primary contributors to water hardness (Hem, 1985), and calcium was the greatest contributor to hardness in the groundwater of 30 out of the 34 wells evaluated during this study. Moreover, the groundwater in 26 out of these 34 wells would be classified as "hard" or "very hard" on the basis of the combined concentrations of calcium and magnesium (Durfor and Becker, 1964). Although there is no human health threshold for calcium concentrations in water, increases in calcium concentration pose a potentially important groundwater-quality concern in the study area.…”

Hydrology of selected basins in the Warrior coal field, Alabama — A progress report

“…It is attributable to the presence of alkaline earths (principally calcium and magnesium) and is expressed as equivalent calcium carbonate (CaCOs). The following scale (Durfor and Becker, 1964) is used in this report to assist the reader in appraising degrees of hardness: pji.--A measure of the hydrogen-ion concentration of a solution. A pH unit is the negative logiQ of the hydrogen-ion concentration.…”