Selected aspects related to epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity, and control of African swine fever

Woźniakowski, Grzegorz; Frączyk, Magdalena; Niemczuk, Krzysztof; Pejsak, Z.

doi:10.1515/jvetres-2016-0017

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Various modes of transmission have been described for ASFV, including direct transmission from infected pigs to susceptible pigs (Guinat et al., ), transmission via air (Olesen et al., ; Wilkinson & Donaldson, ) and indirect transmission via tick vectors, fomites or feed (Guinat et al., ). Several animal studies have investigated direct pig‐to‐pig or wild boar‐to‐pig transmission with the strains originating from the Georgian incursion of the disease (Gabriel et al., ; Gallardo et al., ; Guinat et al., ; Olesen et al., ; Pietschmann et al., ) but indirect transmission via fomites has never been clearly demonstrated (Guinat et al., ), even though this could be an important mode of transmission (Penrith & Vosloo, ; Woźniakowski, Frączyk, Niemczuk, & Pejsak, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short time window for transmissibility of African swine fever virus from a contaminated environment

Olesen

Lohse

Boklund

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Since the introduction of African swine fever virus (ASFV) into the Baltic states and Poland in 2014, the disease has continued to spread within these regions. In 2017, the virus spread further west and the first cases of disease were reported in the Czech Republic and Romania, in wild boar and domestic pigs, respectively. To control further spread, knowledge of different modes of transmission, including indirect transmission via a contaminated environment, is crucial. Up until now, such an indirect mode of transmission has not been demonstrated. In this study, transmission via an environment contaminated with excretions from ASFV-infected pigs was investigated. Following euthanasia of pigs that were infected with an isolate of ASFV from Poland (POL/2015/Podlaskie/Lindholm), healthy pigs were introduced into the pens, in which the ASFV-infected pigs had been housed. Introduction was performed at 1, 3, 5 or 7 days, following euthanasia of the infected pig groups. Pigs, that were introduced into the contaminated environment after 1 day, developed clinical disease within 1 week, and both ASFV DNA and infectious virus were isolated from their blood. However, pigs introduced into the contaminated pens after 3, 5 or 7 days did not develop any signs of ASFV infection and no viral DNA was detected in blood samples obtained from these pigs within the following 3 weeks. Thus, it was shown that exposure of pigs to an environment contaminated with ASFV can result in infection. However, the time window for transmissibility of ASFV seems very limited, and, within our experimental system, there appears to be a rapid decrease in the infectivity of ASFV in the environment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short time window for transmissibility of African swine fever virus from a contaminated environment

Olesen

Lohse

Boklund

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Indirect transmission is described through people, vehicles etc. [ 60 ]. Although officially banned in most European countries, feeding contaminated meat products or fodder to wild boar or domestic pigs is assumed to play a considerable role in the transmission of ASF [ 61 ].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to domestic pigs, wild suids play an important role in the transmission pathways of ASF. In Africa, especially warthogs and bush pigs are known as an asymptomatic reservoir for ASFV [ 60 ]. Transmission between warthogs has not been described so far: the presence of soft ticks is therefore believed to be necessary for the spread of the disease [ 69 ].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

African and classical swine fever: similarities, differences and epidemiological consequences

Schulz

Staubach

Blome

2017

Vet Res

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For the global pig industry, classical (CSF) and African swine fever (ASF) outbreaks are a constantly feared threat. Except for Sardinia, ASF was eradicated in Europe in the late 1990s, which led to a research focus on CSF because this disease continued to be present. However, ASF remerged in eastern Europe in 2007 and the interest in the disease, its control and epidemiology increased tremendously. The similar names and the same susceptible species suggest a similarity of the two viral diseases, a related biological behaviour and, correspondingly, similar epidemiological features. However, there are several essential differences between both diseases, which need to be considered for the design of control or preventive measures. In the present review, we aimed to collate differences and similarities of the two diseases that impact epidemiology and thus the necessary control actions. Our objective was to discuss critically, if and to which extent the current knowledge can be transferred from one disease to the other and where new findings should lead to a critical review of measures relating to the prevention, control and surveillance of ASF and CSF. Another intention was to identify research gaps, which need to be closed to increase the chances of a successful eradication of ASF and therefore for a decrease of the economic threat for pig holdings and the international trade.

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“…Its genome has a size of 170−190 kbp. until recently, 22 different genotypes of this virus were distinguished based on p72 sequencing ( 26 , 31 ); however, a new ASFV genotype (XXIII) has been lately discovered in Ethiopia ( 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also in 2007, the virus reached Georgia through the Black Sea, spreading to Armenia, Azerbaijan, and the Russian Federation. From Russia, the virus moved on to Ukraine, Belarus, the Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia), and Poland in 2014, where the disease spread mainly through contaminated meat and wild boars ( 18 , 24 , 27 , 31 , 32 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African swine fever (ASF) and ticks. No risk of tick-mediated ASF spread in Poland and Baltic states

Frant

Woźniakowski

Pejsak

2017

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Infectious diseases of swine, particularly zoonoses, have had a significant influence on nutritional safety and availability of pig meat as high-energy protein product since the time that pigs were domesticated back in the 7th century BC. The main sources of swine infectious diseases include the so-called primary sources (direct infection, i.e. through contact with infected and sick animals) and secondary sources (contaminated meat products, slaughter products, and vectors, including ticks). At present, the most serious epidemiological and economic threat to swine breeding in Europe is African swine fever (ASF). This disease, originally coming from Africa, is incurable and causes death of infected pigs and wild boars during 7−10 days after infection. Among the various factors that influence the spread of ASF, important role is played by ticks from the genus Ornithodoros, mainly from the species Ornithodoros moubata. Research on the ASF indicates that other species of ticks can also transmit the virus to healthy pigs in laboratory conditions. Sylvatic and domestic cycles of ASF virus transmission, which have been described so far, require further studies and updating in order to point the potential new vectors in the Caucasus and Eastern Europe affected by the ASF. Effective methods of control and biosecurity may significantly slow down the spread of ASF, which undoubtedly is a major threat to world pig production and international swine trade.

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Selected aspects related to epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity, and control of African swine fever

Cited by 12 publications

References 37 publications

Short time window for transmissibility of African swine fever virus from a contaminated environment

Short time window for transmissibility of African swine fever virus from a contaminated environment

African and classical swine fever: similarities, differences and epidemiological consequences

African swine fever (ASF) and ticks. No risk of tick-mediated ASF spread in Poland and Baltic states

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