Seized Blotters Containing One Regioisomer of 25I-NBOMe

Xiao-yu, Zheng; Yanbiao, Zhao; Lisheng, Gao; Hui, Zheng; Hongxian, Yang

doi:10.4172/2090-2697.1000138

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…21 Hence, there is a requirement for the development of simple analytical methodologies for the detection and quantification of such illicit drugs to restrict their commercialization and abuse. Analysis of NBOMe derivatives, by validated analytical procedures or in individual case reports, has been extensively performed using a range of analytical approaches (see Table 1 for a summary), such as liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), 11,22−31 ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS), 4,32−34 gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), 15 and paper spray ionization-mass spectrometry (PSI-MS). 35 In addition to attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), 36 high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD) 37 and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) 38,39 have been previously introduced as standardized protocols for the qualitative and/or the quantitative analysis of NBOMes (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quick Test for Determination of N-Bombs (Phenethylamine Derivatives, NBOMe) Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: A Comparison between Photodiode Array and Amperometric Detection

et al. 2019

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The emergence of a new class of novel psychoactive substances, N-benzyl-substituted phenethylamine derivatives so-called “NBOMes” or “Smiles”, in the recreational drug market has forced the development of new sensitive analytical methodologies for their detection and quantitation. NBOMes’ hallucinogenic effects mimic those of the illegal psychedelic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and are typically sold as LSD on blotter papers, resulting in a remarkable number of fatalities worldwide. In this article, four halide derivatives of NBOMe, namely, 2-(4-fluoro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethan-1-amine, 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethan-1-amine, 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethan-1-amine, and 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethan-1-amine, were detected and quantified simultaneously using a high-performance liquid chromatographic method, and two detection systems were compared: photodiode array detection (detection system I) and amperometric detection via a commercially available impinging jet flow-cell system incorporating embedded graphite screen-printed macroelectrodes (detection system II). Under optimized experimental conditions, linear calibration plots were obtained in the concentration range of 10–300 and 20–300 μg mL–1, for detection systems I and II, respectively. Detection limit (limit of detection) values were between 4.6–6.7 and 9.7–18 μg mL–1, for detection systems I and II, respectively. Both detectors were employed for the analysis of the four NBOMe derivatives in the bulk form, in the presence of LSD and adulterants commonly found in street samples (e.g. paracetamol, caffeine, and benzocaine). Furthermore, the method was applied for the analysis of simulated blotter papers, and the obtained percentage recoveries were satisfactory, emphasizing its advantageous applicability for the routine analysis of NBOMes in forensic laboratories.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quick Test for Determination of N-Bombs (Phenethylamine Derivatives, NBOMe) Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: A Comparison between Photodiode Array and Amperometric Detection

et al. 2019

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“…According to the limited information available from user websites and clinical case reports, NBOMes have been sold as a 'legal' alternative to LSD ("legal LSD") or as LSD due to the very potent psychedelic activity (Bersani et al, 2014;EMCDDA, 2014; World Health Organization, 2014a,b; UNODC, 2017). 25I-NBOMe was found in blotters seized in China sold as LSD (Zhang et al, 2018). A recent report from Columbia documents identification of 25I-NBOMe in 21 out of 70 blotters marked as LSD; the drug was combined in the same blotter with MDMA, 25I-NBOMe amine, and/or 25H-NBOMe (Mendoza-Valencia et al, 2019).…”

Section: Available Forms Of Products and Pattern Of Usementioning

confidence: 99%

NBOMes–Highly Potent and Toxic Alternatives of LSD

2020

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Recently, a new class of psychedelic compounds named NBOMe (or 25X-NBOMe) has appeared on the illegal drug market. NBOMes are analogs of the 2C family of phenethylamine drugs, originally synthesized by Alexander Shulgin, that contain a N-(2-methoxy)benzyl substituent. The most frequently reported drugs from this group are 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, and 25C-NBOMe. NBOMe compounds are ultrapotent and highly efficacious agonists of serotonin 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors (Ki values in low nanomolar range) with more than 1000-fold selectivity for 5-HT 2A compared with 5-HT 1A. They display higher affinity for 5-HT 2A receptors than their 2C counterparts and have markedly lower affinity, potency, and efficacy at the 5-HT 2B receptor compared to 5-HT 2A or 5-HT 2C. The drugs are sold as blotter papers, or in powder, liquid, or tablet form, and they are administered sublingually/buccally, intravenously, via nasal insufflations, or by smoking. Since their introduction in the early 2010s, numerous reports have been published on clinical intoxications and fatalities resulting from the consumption of NBOMe compounds. Commonly observed adverse effects include visual and auditory hallucinations, confusion, anxiety, panic and fear, agitation, uncontrollable violent behavior, seizures, excited delirium, and sympathomimetic signs such mydriasis, tachycardia, hypertension, hyperthermia, and diaphoresis. Rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypoglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and multiorgan failure were also reported. This survey provides an updated overview of the pharmacological properties, pattern of use, metabolism, and desired effects associated with NBOMe use. Special emphasis is given to cases of nonfatal and lethal intoxication involving these compounds. As the analysis of NBOMes in biological materials can be challenging even for laboratories applying modern sensitive techniques, this paper also presents the analytical methods most commonly used for detection and identification of NBOMes and their metabolites.

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