Seismotectonics of the Bitlis–Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt in Northern Iraq and Surrounding Regions from Moment Tensor Analysis

Abdulnaby, Wathiq; Mahdi, Hanan; Numan, Nazar M. S.; Al‐Shukri, Haydar

doi:10.1007/s00024-013-0688-4

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…CC BY 4.0 License. seismic data, it was also suggested that contraction has been localized on inherited passive-margin normal faults in the basement, which were inverted during the late stage of deformation since c. 5 Ma (Abdulnaby et al, 2014;Burberry, 2015;Koshnaw et al, 2017). The structural relief across the MFF (Fig.…”

Section: Geological Setting 20mentioning

confidence: 98%

Relative Timing of Uplift along the Zagros Mountain Front Flexure Constrained by Geomorphic Indices and Landscape Modelling, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Zebari

Grützner

Navabpour

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The Mountain Front Flexure marks a dominant topographic step in the frontal part of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt. It is characterized by numerous active anticlines atop of an underlying basement fault. So far, little is known about the relative activity of the anticlines, about their evolution, and about how crustal deformation migrates over time. We assessed the relative 10 landscape maturity of three along-strike anticlines (from SE to NW: Harir, Perat, and Akre) located on the hanging wall of the Mountain Front Flexure in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to identify the most active structures and to get insights into the evolution of the fault and thrust belt. Landscape maturity was evaluated using geomorphic indices such as hypsometric curves, hypsometric integral, surface roughness, and surface index. Subsequently, numerical landscape evolution models were run to estimate the relative time difference between the onset of growth of the three anticlines, using the present-day topography of 15 the Harir Anticline as a base model. A stream power equation was used to introduce fluvial erosion, and a hillslope diffusion equation was applied to account for colluvial sediment transport. For different time steps of model evolution, we calculated the geomorphic indices generated from the base model. While Akre Anticline shows deeply incised valleys and advanced erosion, Harir and Perat anticlines have relatively smoother surfaces and are supposedly younger than the Akre Anticline. The landscape maturity level decreases from NW to SE. A comparison of the geomorphic indices of the model output to those of 20 the present-day Akre Anticline topography revealed that it would take the Harir Anticline 70±10 kyr and 200±20 kyr to reach the maturity level of the Perat and Akre anticlines, respectively, assuming constant erosion and rock uplift rates along the three anticlines. Since the factors controlling geomorphology (lithology, structural setting and climate) are similar for all three anticlines, and under the assumption of constant growth and erosion rates, we infer that uplift of the Akre Anticline started 200±20 kyr before that of the Harir Anticline, with the Perat Anticline showing an intermediate age. A NW-ward propagation 25of the Harir Anticline itself implies that the uplift has been independent within different segments rather than being continuous from NW to SE. Our method of estimating the relative age difference can be applied to many other anticlines in the Mountain Front Flexure region to construct a model of temporal evolution of this belt. Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.

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Section: Geological Setting 20mentioning

confidence: 98%

Relative Timing of Uplift along the Zagros Mountain Front Flexure Constrained by Geomorphic Indices and Landscape Modelling, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Zebari

Grützner

Navabpour

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…seismic data, it was also suggested that contraction has been localized on inherited passive-margin normal faults in the basement, which were inverted during the late stage of deformation since ca. 5 Ma (Abdulnaby et al, 2014;Burberry, 2015;Koshnaw et al, 2017). The structural relief across the MFF (Fig.…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1; Berberian, 1995;Mouthereau et al, 2012). Continental collision started in the Early Miocene following the progressive subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere underneath Eurasia (Agard et al, 2011;Csontos et al, 2012;Koshnaw et al, 2017;Mouthereau et al, 2012). The Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt extends for about 2000 km from the Strait of Hormuz in southern Iran to the KRI and further into SE Turkey.…”

Section: Geological Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative timing of uplift along the Zagros Mountain Front Flexure (Kurdistan Region of Iraq): Constrained by geomorphic indices and landscape evolution modeling

et al. 2019

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Abstract. The Mountain Front Flexure marks a dominant topographic step in the frontal part of the Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt. It is characterized by numerous active anticlines atop of a basement fault. So far, little is known about the relative activity of the anticlines, about their evolution, or about how crustal deformation migrates over time. We assessed the relative landscape maturity of three along-strike anticlines (from SE to NW: Harir, Perat, and Akre) located on the hanging wall of the Mountain Front Flexure in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq to identify the most active structures and to gain insights into the evolution of the fold–thrust belt. Landscape maturity was evaluated using geomorphic indices such as hypsometric curves, hypsometric integral, surface roughness, and surface index. Subsequently, numerical landscape evolution models were run to estimate the relative time difference between the onset of growth of the anticlines, using the present-day topography of the Harir Anticline as a base model. A stream power equation was used to introduce fluvial erosion, and a hillslope diffusion equation was applied to account for colluvial sediment transport. For different time steps of model evolution, we calculated the geomorphic indices generated from the base model. While Akre Anticline shows deeply incised valleys and advanced erosion, Harir and Perat anticlines have relatively smoother surfaces and are supposedly younger than the Akre Anticline. The landscape maturity level decreases from NW to SE. A comparison of the geomorphic indices of the model output to those of the present-day topography of Perat and Akre anticlines revealed that it would take the Harir Anticline about 80–100 and 160–200 kyr to reach the maturity level of the Perat and Akre anticlines, respectively, assuming erosion under constant conditions and constant rock uplift rates along the three anticlines. Since the factors controlling geomorphology (lithology, structural setting, and climate) are similar for all three anticlines, and under the assumption of constant growth and erosion conditions, we infer that uplift of the Akre Anticline started 160–200 kyr before that of the Harir Anticline, with the Perat Anticline showing an intermediate age. A NW-ward propagation of the Harir Anticline itself implies that the uplift has been independent within different segments. Our method of estimating the relative age difference can be applied to many other anticlines in the Mountain Front Flexure region to construct a model of temporal evolution of this belt.

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“…Therefore, the seismicity of Iraq has displays a direct relation with the general trend of the seismicity of the Bitlis-Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt (Abdulnaby et al 2013(Abdulnaby et al , 2014. Linear alignments of epicenters are often correlated with the major trending faults, which have two trends these are: northeast-southwest and northwestsoutheast (Jassim and Goff 2006).…”

Section: Seismotectonics Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismicity and recent stress regime of Diyala City, Iraq–Iran border

Abdulnaby

Al-Mohmed

Mahdi

2016

Model. Earth Syst. Environ.

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Diyala city is one of the most seismically active cities in Iraq. It is located in the northeastern part of Iraq at the Iraq-Iran border. In this study, the seismic history of Diyala during 10 years (2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014) has been studied. Three seismic catalogs, which are the EMSC, IRIS, IRSC, were used to study the seismic history of the study area. In order to study the stress regime in the study area, focal mechanism solutions of eight earthquakes were collected from the GCMT catalog. Most of the focal mechanism solutions of earthquakes in the study area, that have magnitude 5 and more, indicate reverse movements formed by compressional forces. The study area has faults with different lengths and directions. However, the fault that is responsible of earthquakes with magnitude 5 and more is a reverse fault with strike direction equals 314°, dip direction equals 224°, and dip angle equals 64°. The attitudes of the principal stress axes at that fault surface are: r 1 18°/232°, r 2 10°/139°and r 3 69°/022°. In fact, this fault represents the northwestern part of longer fault, which is BadraAmarah fault that extends from Amarah city in the southeastern to Mandali city to the northwestern. It is the most seismically active fault in Iraq.

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Seismotectonics of the Bitlis–Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt in Northern Iraq and Surrounding Regions from Moment Tensor Analysis

Cited by 24 publications

References 23 publications

Relative Timing of Uplift along the Zagros Mountain Front Flexure Constrained by Geomorphic Indices and Landscape Modelling, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Relative Timing of Uplift along the Zagros Mountain Front Flexure Constrained by Geomorphic Indices and Landscape Modelling, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Relative timing of uplift along the Zagros Mountain Front Flexure (Kurdistan Region of Iraq): Constrained by geomorphic indices and landscape evolution modeling

Seismicity and recent stress regime of Diyala City, Iraq–Iran border

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