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Seismic pounding has taken place in several earthquake events since adjacent structures that lack adequate separation distance usually suffer from repetitive, severe collisions. These collisions result in considerable impact forces in addition to acceleration spikes, thus dealing damage to both structural and non-structural elements. So, a meaningful effort has been widely directed towards the investigation of that phenomenon, leading to a considerable number of publications that are related to that field of study. A review of these publications has thus become a matter of interest. Accordingly, this paper mainly aims to present a detailed state-of-the-art review concerned with seismic pounding between adjacent buildings. Firstly, general definitions, types, and causes of seismic pounding are addressed. Later, facts and statistics of historical earthquake incidents that reflect the scale of the threat caused by seismic pounding are clarified. Moreover, the effect of seismic pounding on fixed-base and base-isolated buildings is discussed. Furthermore, the effect of soil-structure interaction is also presented. Additionally, alternative mitigation methods for seismic pounding are presented. Their classification, types, efficiency, and applicability are also discussed. Eventually, different impact analytical models that can be used to simulate seismic pounding in theoretical studies are discussed. By the end of this paper, deficiencies in previous studies are clarified in order to be taken into account throughout future studies.
Seismic pounding has taken place in several earthquake events since adjacent structures that lack adequate separation distance usually suffer from repetitive, severe collisions. These collisions result in considerable impact forces in addition to acceleration spikes, thus dealing damage to both structural and non-structural elements. So, a meaningful effort has been widely directed towards the investigation of that phenomenon, leading to a considerable number of publications that are related to that field of study. A review of these publications has thus become a matter of interest. Accordingly, this paper mainly aims to present a detailed state-of-the-art review concerned with seismic pounding between adjacent buildings. Firstly, general definitions, types, and causes of seismic pounding are addressed. Later, facts and statistics of historical earthquake incidents that reflect the scale of the threat caused by seismic pounding are clarified. Moreover, the effect of seismic pounding on fixed-base and base-isolated buildings is discussed. Furthermore, the effect of soil-structure interaction is also presented. Additionally, alternative mitigation methods for seismic pounding are presented. Their classification, types, efficiency, and applicability are also discussed. Eventually, different impact analytical models that can be used to simulate seismic pounding in theoretical studies are discussed. By the end of this paper, deficiencies in previous studies are clarified in order to be taken into account throughout future studies.
Recent earthquakes demonstrate that prioritizing the retrofitting of buildings should be of the utmost importance for enhancing the seismic resilience and structural integrity of urban structures. To have a realistic results of the pounding effects in modeling process of retrofitting buildings, the present research provides seismic Probability Factors (PFs), which can be used for estimating collision effects without engaging in intricate and time-intensive analysis. To include the low-, to mid-rise buildings, the 3-Story, 5-Story, and 9-Story adjacent steel and Reinforced Concrete (RC) moment-resisting frames were modeled in OpenSees software capable to take into account the structure in a state of collapse during the analysis, which can provide the real condition of buildings under seismic excitations. Results of analysis confirmed that the impact force can considerably affect the moment–rotation curve of beams and columns, in which, it can affect the structural response of structures during earthquakes. Therefore, seismic PFs proposed to examine the possibility of changes in the performance levels and fragility assessments. Moreover, proposed PFs can be used as coefficient factors to facilitate the retrofitting process of buildings and improve the environmental effects.
When evaluating the fragility of structures in response to wind loads, vulnerability analyses are often conducted under intact conditions. Therefore, the actual strength of aged transmission towers may be compromised, resulting in severe damage. Especially for steel structures used over a long period in coastal areas, there is a potential for performance degradation due to corrosion. One of the high-voltage transmission towers, the 765 kV transmission tower, is taller than other towers, making it more vulnerable to strong winds in the event of corrosion. In this study, the structural performance degradation of 765 kV transmission towers in coastal regions based on their service life was investigated. Capacity distributions were provided considering the uncertainties in various parameters, such as the wind attack angle and material properties. A fragility assessment process that accounts for uncertainties in the wind conditions and aerodynamic parameters is proposed. Using the research results, we created limit-collapsed surfaces to evaluate the structural safety of transmission towers based on their service life, wind speed, and wind attack angle. The results showed a quantitative decrease in structural safety due to corrosion depending on the service life, with the most unfavorable wind attack angle being 0°. The proposed limit-collapsed surface can help efficiently evaluate structural conditions considering wind speed, wind attack angle, and service life. Hence, this study can serve as a basis for the structural evaluation of modern transmission towers to avoid power disruptions in major cities.
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