Seismic characterization of a fluid escape structure in the North Sea: the Scanner Pockmark complex area

Abstract

Summary Subsurface fluid escape structures are geological features which are commonly observed in sedimentary basins worldwide. Their identification and description have implications for various subsurface fluid flow applications, such as assuring integrity of overburden rocks to geological CO2 storage sites. In this study, we applied 3-D first-arrival travel time tomography to a densely sampled wide-azimuth and wide-angle ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) dataset collected over the Scanner Pockmark complex, a site of active gas venting in the North Sea. Seismic reflection data show a chimney structure underlying the Scanner Pockmark. The objective of this study was to characterise this chimney as a representative fluid escape structure in the North Sea. An area of 6$\times $6 km2 down to a depth of 2 km below sea level was investigated using a regularised tomography algorithm. In total, 182 069 manually picked travel times from 24 ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) were used. Our final velocity model contains compressional wave velocity perturbations ranging from −125 to +110 ms−1 relative to its average 1-D model and compares favourably with a coincident seismic reflection dataset. The tomographic velocity model reveals that the chimney as observed in seismic reflection data is part of a larger complex fluid escape structure, and discriminates the genuine chimney from seismic artefacts. We find that part of the seeping gas migrates from a deep source, accumulates beneath the Crenulate Reflector unconformity at ∼250 m below seafloor (mbsf) before reaching the porous sediments of the Ling Bank and Coal Pit formation at < 100 mbsf. In addition, the model shows that the venting gas at Scanner Pockmark is also being fed laterally through a narrow NW-SE shallow channel. Quantitative velocity analysis suggests a patchy gas saturation within the gas-charged sediments of the Ling Bank and the Coal Pit formations. Confined to the well-resolved regions, we estimate a base case average gas saturation of ∼9 per cent and in-situ gas volume of ∼1.64 $ \times {10}^6\ {{\rm{m}}}^3$ across the Ling Bank and Coal Pit Fm. that can sustain the observed methane flux rate at the Scanner Pockmark for about 10 to 17 years.

Gas Seepage and Pockmark Formation From Subsurface Reservoirs: Insights From Table‐Top Experiments

“…Observations suggest both continuous seepage (Hovland & Sommerville, 1985;A. Judd & Hovland, 2009) and episodic activity (Field & Jennings, 1987;Franchi et al, 2017;Goff, 2019;Hasiotis et al, 1996;Jedari-Eyvazi et al, 2023;Soter, 1999) exist at different PM locations. Linke et al (1999) measured many orders of magnitude variability in seepage rates at the Cascadia accretionary complex.…”

“…Continuous measurements of pockmark activity in the field are rare, thus the mode of activity of most PMs is uncertain. Observations suggest both continuous seepage (Hovland & Sommerville, 1985; A. Judd & Hovland, 2009) and episodic activity (Field & Jennings, 1987; Franchi et al., 2017; Goff, 2019; Hasiotis et al., 1996; Jedari‐Eyvazi et al., 2023; Soter, 1999) exist at different PM locations. Linke et al.…”

Gas seepage and pockmark formation from subsurface reservoirs: Insights from table-top experiments

“…Observations suggest both continuous seepage (Hovland & Sommerville, 1985;A. Judd & Hovland, 2009) and episodic activity (Field & Jennings, 1987;Hasiotis et al, 1996;Soter, 1999;Franchi et al, 2017;Goff, 2019;Jedari-Eyvazi et al, 2023) exist at different PM locations. Linke et al (1999) measured many orders of magnitude variability in seepage rates at the Cascadia accretionary complex.…”