Seismic behaviour of Cross-Laminated Timber structures: A state-of-the-art review

Izzi, Matteo; Casagrande, Daniele; Bezzi, Stefano; Pasca, Dag Pasquale; Follesa, M.; Tomasi, Roberto

doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.060

Cited by 169 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The effectiveness of 2D finite element models to schematize the in-plane elastic behavior of CLT panels has been demonstrated for both in-plane [22,23] and out-of-plane flexural behavior. In particular, in Franzoni et al [10], an FEM model has been adopted to perform numerical analyses on CLT panels subjected to out-of-plane loads and its effectiveness validated with reference to experiental results, while, in Sturzenbecher et al [14], the results derived from FEM have been compared with theoretical ones.…”

Section: Case Studies and Finite Element Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Rolling Shear Influence on the Out-of-Plane Behavior of CLT Panels: A Comparative Analysis

Sandoli

Calderoni

2020

Buildings

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This paper deals with the influence of the rolling shear deformation on the flexural behavior of CLT (Cross-Laminated Timber) panels. The morphological configuration of the panels, which consist of orthogonal overlapped layers of boards, led to a particular shear behavior when subjected to out-of-plane loadings: the low value of the shear modulus in orthogonal to grain direction (i.e., rolling shear modulus) gives rise to significant shear deformations in the transverse layers of boards, whose grains direction is perpendicular with respect to the tangential stresses direction. This produces increases of deflections and vibrations under service loads, creating discomfort for the users. Different analytical methods accounting for this phenomenon have been already developed and presented in literature. Comparative analyses among the results provided by some of these methods have been carried out in the present paper and the influence of the rolling shear deformations, with reference to different span-to-depth (L/H) ratios investigated. Moreover, the analytical results have also been compared with those obtained by more accurate 2D finite element models. The results show that, at the service limit states, the influence of the rolling shear can be significant when the aspect ratios became less than L/H = 30, and the phenomenon must be accurately considered in both deflection and stress analysis of CLT floors. Contrariwise, in the case of higher aspect ratios (slender panels), the deflections and stresses can be evaluated neglecting the rolling shear influence, assuming the layers of boards as fully-connected.

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Section: Case Studies and Finite Element Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Rolling Shear Influence on the Out-of-Plane Behavior of CLT Panels: A Comparative Analysis

Sandoli

Calderoni

2020

Buildings

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“…In the PM mechanical model CLT panels are considered as 2D in-plane stress homogeneous elements (membrane 2D elements) characterized by an elasticlinear orthotropic behavior, [27]. Since the modulus of elasticity of timber parallel to grain is much larger than that perpendicular to grain, the moduli E eq, L and E eq,T in the Longitudinal (L) and Transversal (T) directions are defined according to composite theory [28]…”

Section: The Plane Model -Pmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The stiffness in the orthogonal direction to the edge of the floor is assumed equal to zero, since the vertical supporting elements are not in general designed to withstand any lateral load out of their own plane Izzi et al [27]. Mechanical connections at the base are designed only to resist the in-plane racking load CEN [30].…”

Section: The Plane Model -Pmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In-plane elastic flexibility of cross laminated timber floor diaphragms

D’Arenzo

Casagrande

Reynolds

et al. 2019

Construction and Building Materials

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“…Choice of connection methods for CLT platform systems need to accommodate rocking of wall elements and limit sliding. The most common types of CLT shear wall anchoring connections to date have been hold-down ties and angle brackets capable of resisting uplift and sliding forces, respectively [22]. Initially, when heights and number of storeys of superstructures were limited (circa four or fewer storeys), using anchoring as per LTFS often sufficed.…”

Section: Multi-storey Platform Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Study of Alternative Seismic-Resisting Systems for CLT Buildings

et al. 2018

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Changes to building codes that enable use of materials such as cross-laminated timber (CLT) in mid- and high-rise construction are facilitating sustainable urban development in various parts of the world. Keys to this are the transition to multi-performance-based design approaches along with fewer limitations on heights or the number of storeys in superstructures constructed from combustible materials. Architects and engineers have increased freedom to apply new design and construction concepts and methods, as well as to combine timber with other structural materials. They also have started to develop wall arrangements that optimise interior space layouts and take advantage of the unique characteristics of CLT. This paper discusses the seismic response of multi-story buildings braced with a CLT core and perimeter shear walls anchored to foundations and floor platforms using modern high-capacity angle brackets and hold-downs, or X-Rad connectors. Linear dynamic finite element (FE) models of seismic responses of superstructures of various heights are presented, based on experimentally determined characteristics of wall anchor connections. Particular attention is given to fundamental vibration periods, base shear and uplift forces on walls, as well as inter-story drift. Discussion of FE model results focuses on structural engineering implications and advantages of using CLT to create shear walls, with emphasis on how choice of wall anchoring connections impacts the possible number of storeys and configurations of superstructures. Employing CLT shear walls with X-Rad or other types of high capacity anchoring connections makes possible the creation of building superstructures having eight and potentially more storeys even in high seismicity regions. However, it is important to emphasise that proper selection of suitable arrangements of shear walls for CLT buildings depends on accurate representation of the semi-rigid behaviors of anchoring connections. The linear dynamic analyses presented here demonstrates the need during engineering seismic design practices to avoid use of FE or other design models which do not explicitly incorporate connection flexibilities while estimating parameters like fundamental periods, base shear and uplift forces, as well as inter-story drift.

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Seismic behaviour of Cross-Laminated Timber structures: A state-of-the-art review

Cited by 169 publications

References 63 publications

The Rolling Shear Influence on the Out-of-Plane Behavior of CLT Panels: A Comparative Analysis

The Rolling Shear Influence on the Out-of-Plane Behavior of CLT Panels: A Comparative Analysis

In-plane elastic flexibility of cross laminated timber floor diaphragms

Numerical Study of Alternative Seismic-Resisting Systems for CLT Buildings

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