Segurança na América do Sul: Posições de Brasil e Venezuela no âmbito da Unasul

South American Regionalism between Brazil and Venezuela: Divergences during the Lula and Hugo Chávez Administrations

“…On the occasion of the 20th Anniversary of the Andean Parliament in 1999, he affirmed the possibility of establishing an Organization of the Caribbean and South Atlantic Treaty -in contrast, of course, to NATO -while he reaffirmed this desire at the Brasilia Summit in 2000, as a means of counterbalancing the US presence in the region, especially in the context of the implementation of Plan Colombia (Comini 2015). During the meeting of Defence Ministers of the Hemisphere in 2001, Venezuela once again touched on the issue, adding to the aspirations for the unification of the Armed Forces of South American countries to incorporate elements of Bolivarian thought to them, such as the notion of Pátria Grande (Pedroso 2015).…”

“…The character of a military alliance and collective defence enhanced by the Venezuelan proposition did not find an echo in the understandings of most of the actors involved in the negotiations, readily rejected, among other actors, by Argentina itself (Comini 2015), a country with which Chávez eventually triangulated positions to isolate hegemonic pretensions from Brazil. Pedroso (2015) highlighted the structure adopted as a middle path between Colombia's and Venezuela's roles within the discussions, highlighting the breadth and the Brazilian negotiation strategy. The majority prevailed in this concert, which led Comini (2015) to mention that the Council adopted a Brazilian model with a South American way.…”

Cambios en La Estructura Social Agraria Entre Los Años 2015-2022: El Caso De Los Empresarios Agrícolas De Ombúes De Lavalle, Colonia, Uruguay

“…Tradicionalmente, a política externa venezuelana, através de sua diplomacia, é caracterizada por três elementos importantes: excepcionalismo, presidencialismo e ativismo internacional (Pedroso, 2014), que por sua vez se desdobram a partir de várias identidades de uma única política externa que é andina, caribenha, terceiro-mundista, amazônica (Romero, 2007) e sul americana com a projeção no Mercosul, sem deixar de lado os três pilares históricos que delimitam a tradição do país em sua projeção internacional descritos anteriormente.…”