Segmented interlocking nail: An in vivo evaluation of a novel humeral osteotomy fixation device in a caprine model

In the field of fracture healing it is essential to know the impacts of new materials. Fracture healing of long bones is studied in various animal models and extrapolated for use in humans, although there are differences between the micro- and macrostructure of human versus animal bone. Unfortunately, recommended standardized models for fracture repair studies do not exist. Many different study designs with various animal models are used. Concerning the general principles of replacement, refinement and reduction in animal experiments (three "Rs"), a standardization would be desirable to facilitate better comparisons between different studies. In addition, standardized methods allow better prediction of bone healing properties and implant requirements with computational models. In this review, the principles of bone fracture healing and differences between osteotomy and artificial fracture models as well as influences of fixation devices are summarized. Fundamental considerations regarding animal model choice are discussed, as it is very important to know the limitations of the chosen model. In addition, a compendium of common animal models is assembled with special focus on rats, rabbits, and sheep as most common fracture models. Fracture healing simulation is a basic tool in reducing the number of experimental animals, so its progress is also presented here. In particular, simulation of different animal models is presented. In conclusion, a standardized fracture model is of utmost importance for the best adaption of simulation to experimental setups and comparison between different studies. One of the basic goals should be to reach a consensus for standardized fracture models.

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Replacement, refinement, and reduction: Necessity of standardization and computational models for long bone fracture repair in animals

Reifenrath

Angrisani

Lalk

et al. 2013

J Biomedical Materials Res

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Morphology of the thoracic limb of goat as evidenced by gross osteology and radiology

Makungu

Merere

2017

Anat Histol Embryol

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The objective of this study was to provide the detailed normal gross osteology and radiographic anatomy of the thoracic limb in goats as a reference for clinical use and in biomedical research. Radiography of the thoracic limb was performed in five small East African goats. Radiographic findings were correlated with bone specimens from four adult small East African goats. The scapula was narrow. The major tubercle was large and extended proximally above the head of the humerus. The lateral supracondylar crest was less prominent. The lateral and medial epicondyles of the humerus were almost of the same size. The lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the humerus presented a prominent depression for the origin of extensors of the carpus and digits. The cranially located radial notch was deep seated and the radial tuberosity was represented by a rough area located nearer to the head of the radius. The fifth metacarpal bone was seen in all animals. The morphology of the thoracic limb of small East African goats indicated the presence of powerful extensor muscles and is restricted to forward and backward movements as an adaptation to terrestrial lifestyle.

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An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an interlocking nail system developed for buffalo tibia

Bhat¹,

Aithal²,

Kinjavdekar³

et al. 2014

Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol

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Segmented interlocking nail: An in vivo evaluation of a novel humeral osteotomy fixation device in a caprine model

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Replacement, refinement, and reduction: Necessity of standardization and computational models for long bone fracture repair in animals

Replacement, refinement, and reduction: Necessity of standardization and computational models for long bone fracture repair in animals

Morphology of the thoracic limb of goat as evidenced by gross osteology and radiology

An in vitro biomechanical investigation of an interlocking nail system developed for buffalo tibia

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