Segmentation and morphometric analysis of subcortical regions in autistic MR brain images using fuzzy Gaussian distribution model-based distance regularised multi-phase level set

A Systematic Review of Brainstem Contributions to Autism Spectrum Disorder

“…In summary the brainstem of autistic individuals is likely smaller in size than healthy controls as concluded by most studies (Gaffney et al, 1988;Hashimoto et al, 1989Hashimoto et al, , 1992aHashimoto et al, ,b, 1993aHashimoto et al, ,b, 1995Herbert et al, 2003;Craig et al, 2007;Jou et al, 2009;Toal et al, 2010;Fredo et al, 2014;Hanaie et al, 2016;Andersson et al, 2020). The reduction is also observed in the brainstem white matter (Craig et al, 2007;Toal et al, 2010;Hanaie et al, 2016) and gray matter (Jou et al, 2009;Toal et al, 2010).…”

“…A final consensus on the morphometric brainstem differences associated with ASD has not been reached, but the most common observation is an alteration in the brainstem size. Studies that observed reduction in either total brainstem volume or at least one of its components (Gaffney et al, 1988 ; Hashimoto et al, 1989 , 1992a , b , 1993a , b , 1995 ; Herbert et al, 2003 ; Craig et al, 2007 ; Jou et al, 2009 ; Toal et al, 2010 ; Fredo et al, 2014 ; Hanaie et al, 2016 ; Andersson et al, 2020 ) are more common than studies with any other outcome. Moreover, post-mortem analysis of autistic brains showcased malformation in cells of the olivary complex (Kulesza and Mangunay, 2008 ; Kulesza et al, 2011 ; Wegiel et al, 2014 ).…”

“…Recent studies confirmed these results. A significant reduction in total brainstem size has been consistently observed (Gaffney et al, 1988;Hashimoto et al, 1995;Herbert et al, 2003;Fredo et al, 2014). In one study of 20 adult autistic men and their age, gender and IQ matched controls, total brainstem volume was reduced, however, it was proportional to total brain volume and volume of other regional areas (Herbert et al, 2003).…”

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“…A final consensus on the morphometric brainstem differences associated with ASD has not been reached, but the most common observation is an alteration in the brainstem size. Studies that observed reduction in either total brainstem volume or at least one of its components (Gaffney et al, 1988;Hashimoto et al, 1989Hashimoto et al, , 1992aHashimoto et al, ,b, 1993aHashimoto et al, ,b, 1995Herbert et al, 2003;Craig et al, 2007;Jou et al, 2009;Toal et al, 2010;Fredo et al, 2014;Hanaie et al, 2016;Andersson et al, 2020) are more common than studies with any other outcome. Moreover, post-mortem analysis of autistic brains showcased malformation in cells of the olivary complex (Kulesza and Mangunay, 2008;Kulesza et al, 2011;Wegiel et al, 2014).…”

“…Morphological and structural changes in brainstem size and shape of key brainstem nuclei are observed in both autistic humans (Gaffney et al, 1988;Hashimoto et al, 1989Hashimoto et al, , 1992aHashimoto et al, ,b, 1993aHashimoto et al, ,b, 1995Herbert et al, 2003;Craig et al, 2007;Kulesza and Mangunay, 2008;Jou et al, 2009;Toal et al, 2010;Kulesza et al, 2011;Fredo et al, 2014;Wegiel et al, 2014;Hanaie et al, 2016;Andersson et al, 2020) and in rodent models of autism (Lukose et al, 2011;Ruby et al, 2015;Garcia-Pino et al, 2017;Ida-Eto et al, 2017;Rotschafer and Cramer, 2017;Zimmerman et al, 2018Zimmerman et al, , 2020Tsugiyama et al, 2020). Moreover, functional abnormalities are also observed in autistic humans (Tanguay et al, 1982;Ming et al, 2005;Jou et al, 2009;Källstrand et al, 2010;Magliaro et al, 2010;Dabbous, 2012;Travers et al, 2015;Ververi et al, 2015;Hanaie et al, 2016;Claesdotter-Knutsson et al, 2019;Granovetter et al, 2019) and rodent models of autism (Strata et al, 2005;Rotschafer et al, 2015;Scott et al, 2018;Felix et al, 2019).…”