G-protein-coupled
receptors (GPCRs) are seven transmembrane spanning
receptors that regulate a wide array of intracellular signaling cascades
in response to various stimuli. To do so, they couple to different
heterotrimeric G proteins and adaptor proteins, including arrestins.
Importantly, arrestins were shown to regulate GPCR signaling through
G proteins, as well as promote G protein-independent signaling events.
Several research groups have reported successful isolation of exclusively
G protein-dependent and arrestin-dependent signaling downstream of
GPCR activation using biased agonists or receptor mutants incapable
of coupling to either arrestins or G proteins. In the latter category,
the DRY mutant of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor was extensively
used to characterize the functional selectivity downstream of AT1AR. In an attempt to understand histamine 1 receptor signaling,
we characterized the signaling capacity of the H1R DRY mutant in a
panel of dynamic, live cell biosensor assays, including arrestin recruitment,
heterotrimeric G protein activation, Ca2+ signaling, protein
kinase C activity, GTP binding of RhoA, and activation of ERK1/2.
Here, we show that both H1R DRY mutant and the AT1AR DRY
mutant are capable of efficient
activation of G protein-mediated signaling. Therefore, contrary to
the common belief, they do not constitute suitable tools for the dissection
of the arrestin-mediated, G protein-independent signaling downstream
of these receptors.