Seeing through the dark: New insights into the immune regulatory functions of vitamin A

Brown, Chrysothemis C.; Noelle, Randolph J.

doi:10.1002/eji.201344398

Cited by 104 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(121 reference statements)

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“…The average prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children varies from 22.4 to 45.8% across regions in Africa with little improvement in the last twenty years (United Nation Standing Committee on Nutrition 2011). Vitamin A deficiency retards physical growth and cognitive development, reduces mobilization of iron, depresses immune function thereby increasing susceptibility to infectious diseases and diminishing the possibility of survival from serious illness (Sommer 2008;West and Darnton-Hill 2008;Wurtzel et al 2012;Brown and Noelle, 2015). Deficiency in vitamin A during pregnancy has also been associated with increased maternal mortality (Christian et al 2000;Black et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Accruing genetic gain in pro-vitamin A enrichment from harnessing diverse maize germplasm

et al. 2017

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Maize has been targeted as one of the major crops for provitamin enrichment and delivery because it is an inexpensive and easily available source of food for millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa. Although tropical-adapted yellow maize contains provitamin-A carotenoids that can be converted into vitamin A in the human body, they represent less than 25% of the total carotenoids in most widely grown and consumed maize cultivars in Africa. Novel genes conditioning high concentration of b-carotene and other carotenoids were then continually introduced from the temperate zone and tropics to boost provitamin A in tropical-adapted maize. Several promising inbred lines developed from backcrosses involving diverse exotic donor lines displayed provitamin A concentrations that match or surpass the current breeding target of 15 lg g -1 . Some of these lines attained high provitamin A content by accumulating mainly high b-carotene while others contained high provitamin A by promoting accumulation of high levels of both carotenes and xanthophylls. Several inbred lines with intermediate to high levels of provitamin A have already been used to develop hybrids and synthetics without compromising grain yield and other adaptive traits that are required to profitably cultivate maize by farmers in West and Central Africa.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Accruing genetic gain in pro-vitamin A enrichment from harnessing diverse maize germplasm

et al. 2017

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“…Worldwide, approximately 250 million pre-school children become blind every year due to vitamin A deficiency (VAD), and 10% of these children die due to increased susceptibility to infectious diseases (Krishnan et al, 2009; Brown and Noelle, 2015). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Regulation of Carotenoid-Enriched Golden Rice Line

et al. 2016

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Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is the leading cause of blindness among children and is associated with high risk of maternal mortality. In order to enhance the bioavailability of vitamin A, high carotenoid transgenic golden rice has been developed by manipulating enzymes, such as phytoene synthase (psy) and phytoene desaturase (crtI). In this study, proteome and metabolite analyses were carried out to comprehend metabolic regulation and adaptation of transgenic golden rice after the manipulation of endosperm specific carotenoid pathways. The main alteration was observed in carbohydrate metabolism pathways of the transgenic seeds. The 2D based proteomic studies demonstrated that carbohydrate metabolism-related enzymes, such as pullulanase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, and glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, were primarily up-regulated in transgenic rice seeds. In addition, the enzyme PPDK was also elevated in transgenic seeds thus enhancing pyruvate biosynthesis, which is the precursor in the carotenoids biosynthetic pathway. GC-MS based metabolite profiling demonstrated an increase in the levels of glyceric acid, fructo-furanose, and galactose, while decrease in galactonic acid and gentiobiose in the transgenic rice compared to WT. It is noteworthy to mention that the carotenoid content, especially β-carotene level in transgenic rice (4.3 μg/g) was significantly enhanced. The present study highlights the metabolic adaptation process of a transgenic golden rice line (homozygous T4 progeny of SKBR-244) after enhancing carotenoid biosynthesis. The presented information would be helpful in the development of crops enriched in carotenoids by expressing metabolic flux of pyruvate biosynthesis.

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“…Due to the in vitro and in vivo antecedents stating that molecules such as RA and IL-33 have an impact on CD4+ T cell differentiation [7,8], we decided to evaluate the impact of these two molecules during in vitro CD4+ T cell activation. Overall, RA and IL-33 have been implicated with all different types of T helper responses (from Th1, Th17 to Th2, including Tregs linked responses), and in our experience, RA seems to be required for the differentiation of pro-inflammatory responses mediated by both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells [1,3,5,6].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%