“…Commonly known cognitive biases both inside and outside of healthcare include the anchoring bias, ascertainment bias, availability bias, confirmation bias, ordering effect, outcome bias, optimistic bias, and overconfidence bias (Elstein, 1999 ; Smith, 2017 ; Vahabi, 2007 ). Commonly utilized cognitive biases among both patients and medical providers (Fawyer et al, 2020 ; Braverman & Blumenthal, 2012 ; Hershberger et al, 1997 ) include the sunk-cost principle, the loss/gain framing bias, and the omission bias. These commonly used cognitive biases negatively affect both probability estimation of health-related risk behaviors and synthesis of health information.…”