Seeing in Depth

Howard, Ian P.; Rogers, Brian

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367607.001.0001

Cited by 163 publications

(147 citation statements)

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“…While "stereopsis" arguably refers to a specific qualitative impression present under certain conditions, contemporary research typically makes little distinction between stereopsis as a qualitative perceptual attribute on one hand and binocular vision as a mode for deriving quantitative depth on the other. For example, here are three quotes drawn from a standard reference text in depth perception (Howard & Rogers, 2002) "The term 'stereoscopic vision' [sic] means literally, 'solid sight' and refers to the visual perception of the 3-D structure of the world, when seen by either one eye or two." [My emphasis] "There are considerable similarities in the underlying computational theory of stereopsis based on disparity and that based on motion parallax."…”

Section: Stereopsis and The Problem Of Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Binocular vision is conventionally regarding as the condition which yields the most precise estimates of quantitative (metric) depth (Howard & Rogers, 2002), but a systematic link to qualitative aspects of depth perception is rarely made.…”

Section: Relation To Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly, cues to egocentric distance can be more or less precise. For example, distance information derived from sensing the focus state of the ocular lens (accommodation) is considered to be significantly less reliable that distance information derived from monitoring binocular convergence (see Howard & Rogers, 2002). The precision (statistical reliability) with which absolute depth values are estimated will therefore vary as a function of the reliability of the constituent depth and distance cues.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Toward a new theory of stereopsis.

Vishwanath¹

2014

Psychological Review

209

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Humans can obtain an unambiguous perception of depth and 3-dimensionality with one eye or when viewing a pictorial image of a 3-dimensional scene. However, the perception of depth when viewing a real scene with both eyes is qualitatively different: there is a vivid impression of tangible solid form and immersive negative space. This perceptual phenomenon, referred to as "stereopsis", has been among the central puzzles of perception since the time of da Vinci. After Wheatstone's invention of the stereoscope in 1838, stereopsis has conventionally been explained as a by-product of binocular vision or visual parallax. However, this explanation is challenged by the observation that the impression of stereopsis can be induced in single pictures under monocular viewing. Here I propose an alternative hypothesis that stereopsis is a qualitative visual experience related to the perception of egocentric spatial scale. Specifically, the primary phenomenal characteristic of stereopsis (the impression of 'real' separation in depth) is proposed to be linked to the precision with which egocentrically scaled depth (absolute depth) is derived. Since conscious awareness of this precision could help guide the planning of motor action, the hypothesis provides a functional account for the important phenomenal characteristic associated with stereopsis: the impression of interactability. By linking stereopsis to a generic perceptual attribute, rather than a specific cue, it provides a potentially more unified account of the variation of stereopsis in real scenes and pictures, and a basis for understanding why we can perceive depth in pictures despite conflicting visual signals. StereopsisVishwanath 3

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Section: Stereopsis and The Problem Of Terminologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relation To Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toward a new theory of stereopsis.

Vishwanath¹

2014

Psychological Review

209

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“…In everyday life, the visual system infers the 3D structure of the environment from a variety of depth cues, including binocular disparity and motion parallax cues as well as various pictorial depth cues (Howard andRogers, 1995, 2002). Thus, it is of considerable interest to understand how neurons integrate depth cues.…”

Section: Potential Roles Of Mt In Cue Integration For Depth Perceptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Binocular disparity and motion parallax provide two independent, quantitative cues for depth perception (Howard andRogers, 1995, 2002). Binocular disparity refers to the difference in position between the two retinal image projections of a point in 3D space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Joint Representation of Depth from Motion Parallax and Binocular Disparity Cues in Macaque Area MT

Nadler

Barbash

Kim

et al. 2013

Journal of Neuroscience

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Perception of depth is based on a variety of cues, with binocular disparity and motion parallax generally providing more precise depth information than pictorial cues. Much is known about how neurons in visual cortex represent depth from binocular disparity or motion parallax, but little is known about the joint neural representation of these depth cues. We recently described neurons in the middle temporal (MT) area that signal depth sign (near vs far) from motion parallax; here, we examine whether and how these neurons also signal depth from binocular disparity. We find that most MT neurons in rhesus monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) are selective for depth sign based on both disparity and motion parallax cues. However, the depth-sign preferences (near or far) are not always aligned: 56% of MT neurons have matched depth-sign preferences ("congruent" cells) whereas the remaining 44% of neurons prefer near depth from motion parallax and far depth from disparity, or vice versa ("opposite" cells). For congruent cells, depth-sign selectivity increases when disparity cues are added to motion parallax, but this enhancement does not occur for opposite cells. This suggests that congruent cells might contribute to perceptual integration of depth cues. We also found that neurons are clustered in MT according to their depth tuning based on motion parallax, similar to the known clustering of MT neurons for binocular disparity. Together, these findings suggest that area MT is involved in constructing a representation of 3D scene structure that takes advantage of multiple depth cues available to mobile observers.

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Flexible integration of visual cues in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

et al. 2015

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Although children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show atypical sensory processing, evidence for impaired integration of multisensory information has been mixed. In this study, we took a Bayesian model‐based approach to assess within‐modality integration of congruent and incongruent texture and disparity cues to judge slant in typical and autistic adolescents. Human adults optimally combine multiple sources of sensory information to reduce perceptual variance but in typical development this ability to integrate cues does not develop until late childhood. While adults cannot help but integrate cues, even when they are incongruent, young children's ability to keep cues separate gives them an advantage in discriminating incongruent stimuli. Given that mature cue integration emerges in later childhood, we hypothesized that typical adolescents would show adult‐like integration, combining both congruent and incongruent cues. For the ASD group there were three possible predictions (1) “no fusion”: no integration of congruent or incongruent cues, like 6‐year‐old typical children; (2) “mandatory fusion”: integration of congruent and incongruent cues, like typical adults; (3) “selective fusion”: cues are combined when congruent but not incongruent, consistent with predictions of Enhanced Perceptual Functioning (EPF) theory. As hypothesized, typical adolescents showed significant integration of both congruent and incongruent cues. The ASD group showed results consistent with “selective fusion,” integrating congruent but not incongruent cues. This allowed adolescents with ASD to make perceptual judgments which typical adolescents could not. In line with EPF, results suggest that perception in ASD may be more flexible and less governed by mandatory top‐down feedback. Autism Res 2016, 9: 272–281. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Seeing in Depth

Cited by 163 publications

References 0 publications

Toward a new theory of stereopsis.

Toward a new theory of stereopsis.

Joint Representation of Depth from Motion Parallax and Binocular Disparity Cues in Macaque Area MT

Flexible integration of visual cues in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

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