Seedling Establishment in Vertical Gradients of Sunlight

Grime, J. P.; Jeffrey, David W.

doi:10.2307/2257624

Cited by 359 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…When considering the understory dynamics of oak species, temporal variation becomes very important (table IV). The oak acorn is very large relative to the seed of most other eastern tree species, and oak seedlings should have higher initial growth from large cotyledons (Grime and Jeffrey, 1965;Kolb and Steiner, 1990). However, in forest understories oak seedlings typically exhibit very slow growth after the first year (Brinkman and Liming, 1961;Carvell and Tryon, 1961;Lorimer, 1989;Cho and Boerner, 1991).…”

Section: Drought Adaptationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, historical development and ecophysiological attributes of oak species in the eastern United States

Abrams

1996

Ann. For. Sci.

101

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Summary — Approximately 30 Quercus (oak) species occur in the eastern United States, of which Q alba, Q rubra, Q velutina, Q coccinea, Q stellata and Q prinus are among the most dominant. Quercus distribution greatly increased at the beginning of the Holocene epoch (10 000 years BP), but has exhibited major changes since European settlement in the 18th and 19th centuries. For example, large-scale increases in Quercus species have occurred as a result of fire exclusion in the central tallgrass prairie and savanna regions. In the northern conifer and hardwood forests of New England and the Lake States region, Q rubra exhibited a dramatic increase following early logging and fire. Quercus species have also increased in the mid-Atlantic region from land-clearing, the charcoal iron industry and the eradication of Castanea dentata following European settlement. Studies of the dendroecology and successional dynamics of several old-growth forests indicate that prior to European settlement Quercus grew and regenerated in uneven-aged conditions. At times oak growth was very slow (< 1.0 mm/year) for long periods, which is usually characteristic of highly shade-tolerant species. Quercus

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Section: Drought Adaptationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution, historical development and ecophysiological attributes of oak species in the eastern United States

Abrams

1996

Ann. For. Sci.

101

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“…Oak species exhibit a range in tolerance from moderately tolerant to intolerant, with white oaks generally more tolerant than red oaks (McQuilkin 1975, McGee 1981 Hara 1987). Coupled with this species-specific growth form may be differences in phenology, photosynthesis, respiration, water use efficiency, and growth rates which permit the species to survive and grow under shade conditions (Grime and Jeffrey 1965, Loach 1970, Matsuda and McBride 1986, Matsuda and others 1989. McGee (1975McGee ( , 1986 reported that most tolerant species began budbreak earlier under forest canopies than in open clearcuts.…”

Section: Height Stemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies with oaks have shown acclimations in shade foliage that, when compared with sun foliage, include higher rates of net photosynthesis at low light levels, lower respiration rates, and higher levels of chlorophyll per unit of leaf area (Loach 1967). However, when compared with more tolerant species at low light intensities, oaks generally have: (1) a higher light compensation point for photosynthesis and less efficient use of "light flecks" or short bursts of light (Loach 1967, Woods andTurner 197 1, Teskey andShrestha 1985); (2) about the same or lower rates of net photosynthesis (Grime and Jeffrey 1965, Wuenscher arid Kozlowski 1970; (3) as high or higher rates of respiration (Went 1957;Loach 1967;Wuenscher andKozlowski 1970, 1971;Teskey and Shrestha 1985;Collier and others 1992); (4) slower stomatal opening and/or greater stomatal resistance to CO, diffusion (Woods and Turner 197 1, Wuenscher and Kozlowski 1971, Davies and Kozlowski 1974, Teskey and Shrestha 1985; (5) intensity for photosynthesis (Wuenscher and Kozlowski 1970, Bazzaz and Carlson 1982, Teskey and Shrestha 1985. These differences in morphological and physiological characteristics explain why oaks generally do not compete successfully in the understog on good sites.…”

Section: Height Stemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oak Regeneration: Serious Problems Practical Recommendations (Symposium Proceedings)

Loftis¹,

McGee²

1993

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Twenty six papers dealing with the problems and opportunities associated with artificial and natural regeneration of the oak resources are presented. Subject matter, titles of papers, and authors were carefully selected to provide the best available coverage of the state-of-the-art of oak regeneration. The use trade or company names of products or services in the Proceedings is for the benefit of the reader. Such use does not constitute an endorsement or approval of any service or product by the symposium sponsors to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. Remarks about pesticides appear in some of t?ze papers eontained in these Proceedings. Publication of these ts does not comtitute erutorsemerat or recommendation ofthem by any ofthe conference sponsors, nor does it imply that uses discussed have been registered. Use of most pesticides is regulated byReprinted July 1996 Published by:Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, I?. C . PrefaceThese ProceeBings are in partid fulfillment of a Technology Transfer Plan on oak agreed to by a number of parties in 1988. The plan called for a symposium on oak regeneration. Oral presentations based upon the papers in these proceedings were delivered on September 9th and loth, 1992, in Knoxville, Tennessee.A Core Team was selected to administer and implement the Technology Transfer Plan, and this Core Team served as the Steering Committee for the symposium. An outline for the symposium on oak regeneration was developed and approved by the Core Team, which then approved the subject for each paper and decided upon the most appropriate author to write and present the paper. The primary objective was to carefully structure a program that would address the problems and opportunities associated with oak regeneration. A secondary objective was to evaluate the procedures used in this effort as means of achieving technology transfer.Each of the papers in the Proceedings received technical and editorial review; all were made in the form of suggestions, however. Therefore, the content and accuracy of each paper is the responsibility of the author. Overall, the Core Team feels that these papers accurately reflect the state of the art for oak regeneration today. The Team suggests that each reader take into account that some conclusions and recommendations are reached and made in a very dynamic environment. It is expected that this symposium fills the need for "results now. "The Core Team wishes to thank the sponsors, authors, and reviewers. The Team especially appreciates the moderators who not only added their own expertise and credibility to the program but did an excellent job keeping the demanding schedule intact. shipbuilding. With the advent of technical forestry in this country there were references in early papers and textbooks to oak regeneration and the shelterwood method. This interest was primarily for academic study and followed European descriptions, but some of the earliest oak regeneration research related to concerns about areas without advance reprod...

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“…Although a plant such as Pyrola might fail to adjust conspicuoush' to seasonal shade because of its low rates of growth and development, there is evidence that such low rates are in themselves an advantageous feature of shadetolerant species. Grime (1965) and Grime & Jeffrey (1965) reported inherently low values of RGR from grassland and woodland species persisting in shady habitats and low RCJR is also a feature of species successful in, or tolerant of, other forms of en-\'ironmental stress (Grime & Hunt, 1975;Hunt, Nicholls & Eathy, 1987). Fast-growing species are able to adjust rapidly to changes in their light regime.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth of Pyrola rotundifolia ssp. maritima in relation to shade

Hunt

Hope-Simpson

1990

New Phytologist

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SUMMJKR YThe maritime nice of the larger wintergreen [Pyrola rotundifolia L, ssp, maritima (Kenyon) E, F, Warb,] was investigated in relation to its light environment at Braunton Burrows in south-west England, Measurements made at the site of its greatest abundance indicated that, in July, Pyrola commonly experiences an irradiance which is helow 10",, of full daylight with some habitats providing less than 1 ""• 'Hie species also occurs in situations receiving up to 100 "" daylight; at or towards this extreme the foliage is yellowish-green instead of deep green, giving an impression of reduced luxuriance.The mean specific leaf area of plants growing in the field was found to be inversely related to mean percentage irradiance received at each site. However, the slope of this trend was slight.Detached, rooted rosettes were removed from the field and grown for 85 days in a glasshouse under treatments which provided 100, 20-2 and 6-1 "" daylight. The plants in all treatments appeared normal but growth was sknv. Yields and relative growth rates were significantly reduced by shading {P < 0-05), The depressing eflect of shading on growth rate was very slightly less than on unit leaf rate, the difference being due to slight increases in leaf area ratio. This, in turn, was tracted entirely to small increases in specific leaf area. Leaf weight ratio was not aflected significantly, nor were substantial effects recorded in root/shoot ratio or in fresh weight/dry weight ratio.We conclude that the vegetative growth of Pyrola has a low capacity for adjustment to both natural and experimental shading; its growth rate in the field will tend to be lower under a dense leafy canopy than in less shaded habitats. The inherently low growth rate might, however, be an advantageous feature under shade conditions. The evident success of the species in shaded situations is certainly due to factors other than a simple shade requirement for vegetative growth.

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Seedling Establishment in Vertical Gradients of Sunlight

Cited by 359 publications

References 12 publications

Distribution, historical development and ecophysiological attributes of oak species in the eastern United States

Distribution, historical development and ecophysiological attributes of oak species in the eastern United States

Oak Regeneration: Serious Problems Practical Recommendations (Symposium Proceedings)

Growth of Pyrola rotundifolia ssp. maritima in relation to shade

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