Seed traits, terminal velocity and germination in sexual diploid and apomictic triploid Hieracium alpinum (Asteraceae): Are apomicts better dispersers?

Chrtek, Jindřich; Hartmann, Matthias; Mrázová, Viera; Zdvořák, Pavel; Štefánek, Michal; Mráz, Patrik

doi:10.1016/j.flora.2018.01.003

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In Crataegus (Rosaceae), Coughlan et al (2014) found that apomictic allopolyploids produced fruit with a greater investment in dispersal than sexual diploids and apomictic autopolyploids. On the other hand, Chrtek et al (2018) investigated diaspore differences within a GP context in Hieracium alpinum L. (Asteraceae), and while they found slight differences in terminal velocity favoring apomicts, they also found that sexuals had much higher germination success than apomicts (opposite to what we found). This highlights that dynamics can differ significantly between otherwise similar systems.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…While uniparental reproduction can give asexuals a head‐start on range expansion (e.g., post‐glaciation; Kearney, 2005), it alone cannot explain why sexuals would not catch up; therefore, characterizing variation in other dispersal/establishment traits between reproductive types may help clarify whether sexuals would be capable of matching the ranges of their asexual counterparts given enough time. To date, few studies have considered changes in dispersal and establishment traits (other than uniparental reproduction) when investigating GP (but see O'Connell and Eckert, 2001; Coughlan et al, 2014, and Chrtek et al, 2018).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Dispersal and establishment traits provide a colonization advantage for a polyploid apomictic plant

Hersh

Medina

Whitton

2023

American J of Botany

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Premise Apomictic plants (reproducing asexually through seed) often have larger ranges and occur at higher latitudes than closely related sexuals, a pattern known as geographical parthenogenesis (GP). Explanations for GP include differences in colonizing ability due to reproductive assurance and direct/indirect effects of polyploidy (most apomicts are polyploid) on ecological tolerances. While life history traits associated with dispersal and establishment also contribute to the potential for range expansion, few studies compare these traits in related apomicts and sexuals. Methods We investigated differences in early life history traits between diploid‐sexual and polyploid‐apomictic Townsendia hookeri (Asteraceae), which displays a classic pattern of GP. Using lab and greenhouse experiments, we measured seed dispersal traits, germination success, and seedling size and survival in sexual and apomictic populations from across the range of the species. Results While theory predicts that trade‐offs between dispersal and establishment traits should be common, this was largely not the case in T. hookeri. Apomictic seeds had both lower terminal velocity (staying aloft longer when dropped) and higher germination success than sexual seeds. While there were no differences in seedling size between reproductive types, apomicts did, however, have slightly lower seedling survival than sexuals. Conclusions These differences in early life history traits, combined with reproductive assurance conferred by apomixis, suggest that apomicts achieve a greater range through advantages in their ability to both spread and establish.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Dispersal and establishment traits provide a colonization advantage for a polyploid apomictic plant

Hersh

Medina

Whitton

2023

American J of Botany

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“…Polyploidy might alter phenotypic traits, including those involved in dispersal and colonization [50]. Triploids of the wind-dispersed Hieracium alpinum, for instance, produce seeds with slightly greater dispersal distance and reduced germination rate than diploid H. alpinum [51].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adapted dandelions trade dispersal for germination upon root herbivore attack

et al. 2020

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A plant's offspring may escape unfavourable local conditions through seed dispersal. Whether plants use this strategy to escape insect herbivores is not well understood. Here, we explore how different dandelion ( Taraxacum officinale agg.) populations, including diploid outcrossers and triploid apomicts, modify seed dispersal in response to root herbivore attack by their main root-feeding natural enemy, the larvae of the common cockchafer Melolontha melolontha. In a manipulative field experiment, root herbivore attack increased seed dispersal potential through a reduction in seed weight in populations that evolved under high root herbivore pressure, but not in populations that evolved under low pressure. This increase in dispersal potential was independent of plant cytotype, but associated with a reduction in germination rate, suggesting that adapted dandelions trade dispersal for establishment upon attack by root herbivores. Analysis of vegetative growth parameters suggested that the increased dispersal capacity was not the result of stress flowering. In summary, these results suggest that root herbivory selects for an induced increase in dispersal ability in response to herbivore attack. Induced seed dispersal may be a strategy that allows adapted plants to escape from herbivores.

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“…The plants have usually one stem bearing one capitulum—an inflorescence composed of several tens of florets, and the cytotypes do not differ in the number of florets per capitulum (Mráz et al., 2019). Each floret has only one ovule from which one achene, that is dry, single seeded fruit (seed hereafter) adapted to long‐distance dispersal, can be formed (Chrtek et al., 2018). If accessory rosettes are present, then each of them has usually one stem.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greater reproductive assurance of asexual plant compared with sexual relative in a low‐density sympatric population: Experimental evidence for pollen limitation

Mráz

Mrázová

2021

J of Evolutionary Biology

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High reproductive assurance is regarded as a key advantage of uniparentally reproducing organisms for establishing a new population. This demographic benefit should especially be relevant for plants with autonomous apomixis, that is those which produce seeds completely independently from mates and pollinators. Indeed, many autonomous apomicts occupy larger distributional ranges when compared to their sexual relatives, showing geographical parthenogenesis patterns. However, uniparental reproduction advantage has only rarely been quantified in natural populations and results provided a mixed support, partly because allopatric sexual and asexual populations were exposed to different environmental and pollination conditions causing considerable between‐population variation in the level of reproductive assurance. Here, we compared the level and stability of reproductive assurance between sexual self‐incompatible and asexual autonomously apomictic plants of Hieracium alpinum (Asteraceae) cultivated in a sympatric low‐density population with two levels of spatial clumping of sexual plants. Overall, we found that the realized seed set (i.e. proportion of well‐developed seeds per capitulum) of asexuals was ca. 3 times greater than that of sexuals (83% vs. 27%), whereas the variance of this trait expressed as coefficient of variation was ca. 4 times smaller in asexuals compared with sexuals (19% vs. 83%). Solitary sexual plants had more than 2 times lower realized seed set when compared to clumps composed of two spatially close (20–30 cm) sexual plants (13% vs. 34%). Our study provides experimental evidence for benefit of uniparental reproduction of asexuals in a sympatric situation when the availability of mates is limited. This, together with unpredictability of pollinator environment could provide autonomous apomicts with an ultimate demographic superiority during colonization reflected in geographical parthenogenesis observed in this species.

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Seed traits, terminal velocity and germination in sexual diploid and apomictic triploid Hieracium alpinum (Asteraceae): Are apomicts better dispersers?

Cited by 6 publications

References 51 publications

Dispersal and establishment traits provide a colonization advantage for a polyploid apomictic plant

Dispersal and establishment traits provide a colonization advantage for a polyploid apomictic plant

Adapted dandelions trade dispersal for germination upon root herbivore attack

Greater reproductive assurance of asexual plant compared with sexual relative in a low‐density sympatric population: Experimental evidence for pollen limitation

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