“…When exposed to cold stress (12°C ± 1°C), the body's demand for energy increases ( Zhang et al, 2014 ), and the body may compensate for the increase in energy expenditure by raising the β-oxidation levels of fatty acids under cold exposure ( Hauton et al, 2006 ; Yang et al, 2011 ). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha ( PPARα )/peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1α ( PGC-1α ) signaling pathway is considered a key pathway for promoting fatty acid oxidation and enhancing cellular energy metabolism ( Ni et al, 2022 ). The activation of the PPARα/PGC-1α signaling pathway can induce the expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 ( CPT1 ), acyl-coenzyme oxidase ( ACO ) and Acyl CoA synthase long-chain family member 1 ( ACSL1 ), and under the influence of the coactivator PGC-1α, promote fatty acid β-oxidation ( Grabacka et al, 2016 ; Coleman, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2023 ).…”