Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora

Thorsen, Michael J.; Dickinson, Katharine J. M.; Seddon, Philip J.

doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.06.001

Cited by 86 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…Most plants produce racemes with 50 flowers or fewer, but some may produce more flowers (Moore, 1964;Milicich, 1993). The current conservation status of Bulbinella angustifolia is not threatened, hence it is under the least concern category according to New Zealand Plant Conservation Network (Moore & Edgar 1970, Thorsen 2009). This species has clumping growth habit and is common in high mountain grasslands at the east of the Southern Alps, from north Canterbury to South Island (Milicich 1993).…”

Section: Bulbinella Angustifoliamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gibbii is at risk and naturally uncommon according to the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network, whereas Bulbinella gibbii var. balasifera is not threatened (Moore et al 1970, Thorsen 2009, De Lange et al 2009). …”

Section: Bulbinella Gibbiimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some populations, especially those of Mount Stokes and Cobb Valley, have blue-green glaucous-green leaves and peduncles (Milicich 1993). The current conservation status of the species is considered to be of least concern according to the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network (Moore & Edgar 1970, Thorsen 2009 …”

Section: Bulbinella Hookerimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The leaves are similar in length (20-75 cm × 30 mm wide) to those of Bulbine hookeri, but in Bulbine modesta they are considerably thinner and have a prostrate growth habit rather than erect, as in Bulbine hookeri (Moore 1964, Milicich 1993. The current conservation status of Bulbinella modesta is at risk according to the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network (Moore et al 1970, Thorsen 2009, de Lange et al 2009) because they are only known from the lowland alluvial forest of the West Coast Island (Milicich 1993).…”

Section: Bulbinella Modestamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of Bulbinella (Asphodelaceae): distribution, conservation status, and economic importance

Musara

Spies

et al. 2017

Bot. Sci.

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Background: This review offers a comprehensive overview of the importance of Bulbinella, a genus of the family Asphodelaceae. A total of 23 species of Bulbinella are known, of which 17 are found in South Africa, and six in New Zealand. The genus is native to the Northern, Western, and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa, and to the main North and South Islands of New Zealand including the subantarctic islands, Auckland and Campbell. Studied species: Bulbinella species Study site and years of study : South Africa and New Zealand, 2014-2017 Conclusion: Bulbinella has an interesting and unusual highly disjunct distribution between South Africa and New Zealand. All Bulbinella species are similar in their floral structures. However, there are differences in size, underground bulbs, swollen roots, and leaves that make species delimitation possible in this group. Through their secondary metabolites, the genus Bulbinella is extensively useful as herbal remedies for innumerable ailments and also vital as livestock feed. Data on conservation status show that all these species; except Bulbinella hookeri and Bulbinella anguistifolia are vulnerable with Bulbinella calcicola critically endangered. There is, therefore, an urgent need for studying the genetic resources of these Bulbinella species. Key words: geophytes, Bulbinella, phenylanthraquinones, economic importance. ResumenAntecedentes: Esta revisión ofrece una visión completa de la importancia de Bulbinella, un género de la familia Asphodelaceae. Se conocen un total de 23 especies de Bulbinella, de las cuales 17 se encuentran en Sudáfrica y seis en Nueva Zelanda. El género es nativo de las provincias septentrionales, occidentales y orientales del cabo de Suráfrica, ya las islas principales del norte y del sur de Nueva Zelandia incluyendo las islas subantarctic, Auckland y Campbell. Especies estudiadas: Especies de Bulbinella Sitio de estudio y años de estudio: Sudáfrica y Nueva Zelanda, 2014-2017 Conclusión: Bulbinella tiene una interesante y poco común distribución muy disjunta entre Sudáfrica y Nueva Zelanda. Todas las especies de Bulbinella son similares en sus estructuras florales. Sin embargo, existen diferencias en tamaño, bulbos subterráneos, raíces hinchadas y hojas que hacen posible la delimitación de especies en este grupo. A través de sus metabolitos secundarios, el género Bulbinella es extensivamente útil como remedios herbarios para dolencia innumerable y también vital como alimentación del ganado. Los datos sobre el estado de conservación muestran que todas estas especies; Excepto Bulbinella hookeri y Bulbinella anguistifolia son vulnerables con Bulbinella calcicola en peligro crítico. Por lo tanto, existe una necesidad urgente de estudiar los recursos genéticos de estas especies de Bulbinella.

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Section: Bulbinella Angustifoliamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bulbinella Gibbiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bulbinella Hookerimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bulbinella Modestamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of Bulbinella (Asphodelaceae): distribution, conservation status, and economic importance

Musara

Spies

et al. 2017

Bot. Sci.

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“…Understanding the dispersal ecology of threatened plants such as L. oleraceum is important because management seeks to improve the conservation status of threatened species (Thorsen et al 2009). Many members of the Brassicaceae family exhibit a sticky mucilaginous seed coating when seeds are moistened (Morton & Hogg 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seed dispersal but not seed germination facilitated by seabirds: seed ecology of Cook’s scurvy grass

Dale¹,

Lange²,

Burns³

2017

NZ J Ecol

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Lepidium oleraceum (Brassicaceae) is a threatened New Zealand plant closely associated with seabird colony environments. We hypothesise that this spatial coincidence arises from seabird dispersal of L. oleraceum seed and/or guano stimulating germination. To test the possibility of seabird epizoochory, we used laboratory studies to examine L. oleraceum seed adhesion and tolerance to seawater immersion. To test for stimulation of germination by guano we measured seed germination in increasing concentrations of seabird guano or inorganic fertiliser (to separate a nutrient effect from a possible effect from some other unknown constituent). Seeds developed a sticky mucilage layer after 50 seconds in freshwater and 50% were able to adhere to dry paper for over 24 months. A higher proportion of seeds germinated after soaking in freshwater (91% ± 3.1%) than seawater (44% ± 4.9%), and seawater germination was comparable to unsoaked controls (46% ± 3.1%).A comparison of germination rates under different concentrations of guano and fertiliser showed no significant differences associated with treatments except germination was inhibited above 1 gNL -1 . We conclude that seabirds are probable dispersers of L. oleraceum seed through external attachment, but germination is not promoted by guano presence.

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Biogeography and systematics ofCarexsubgenusUncinia(Cyperaceae): A unique radiation for the genusCarexin the Southern Hemisphere

García‐Moro

Otero

Benítez‐Benítez

et al. 2022

TAXON

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Carex subg. Uncinia (Cyperaceae) constitutes one of six currently recognized Carex subgenera. This subgenus is mainly distributed on the American continent and in the Pacific region, and it is the only subgenus almost entirely absent from the Old World and primarily diversified in the Southern Hemisphere. It includes some of the few Carex species with clear epizoochoric traits: the representatives of C. sect. Uncinia possess utricles with an exserted and hooked rachilla that allows the diaspores to attach to feather or hair. We performed phylogenetic (ITS, ETS‐1f, matK), biogeographic, and ancestral state reconstruction analyses to elucidate the systematic structure, origin and dispersal routes, and major morphological evolutionary patterns of the different lineages within the subgenus. Our phylogenetic reconstructions revealed that the subgenus comprises seven different clades that mostly match previously recognized sections. One of the clades, however, represents a new section described herein as C. sect. Wheelerianae. Unispicate lineages evolved repeatedly from ancestors bearing multispicate inflorescences, while the presence of a rachilla, often pictured as a plesiomorphy in Carex, seems to have developed four independent times in the evolution of C. subg. Uncinia. The origin of the subgenus dates back to the beginning of the Miocene, probably in North America from where it colonized the Southern Hemisphere. It first dispersed to South America during the Early Miocene. Later, in the Middle Miocene, representatives of C. sect. Uncinia would reach the Pacific Southwest region (New Zealand, Australasia) from South America in at least two independent dispersal events. The vast majority of the biogeographic events seem to be explained by long‐distance dispersal. The remarkable dispersal ability of C. sect. Uncinia enabled by the hooked rachilla has allowed it to reach remote archipelagos in the Pacific and Subantarctic regions, probably bird‐mediated.

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Seed dispersal systems in the New Zealand flora

Cited by 86 publications

References 164 publications

A review of Bulbinella (Asphodelaceae): distribution, conservation status, and economic importance

A review of Bulbinella (Asphodelaceae): distribution, conservation status, and economic importance

Seed dispersal but not seed germination facilitated by seabirds: seed ecology of Cook’s scurvy grass

Biogeography and systematics ofCarexsubgenusUncinia(Cyperaceae): A unique radiation for the genusCarexin the Southern Hemisphere

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