Sediments of the Bay of Fundy - A Preliminary Report

Swift, Donald J. P.; Pelletier, Bernard; Lyall, Anil K.; Miller, James A.

doi:10.4138/1801

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…SPM reached its maximum in Chignecto Bay and decreased exponentially from NE to SW within the Bay of Fundy. The observed gradient and distribution of SPM are generally consistent with circulation patterns observed in the Bay of Fundy (Swift et al 1969;Aretxabaleta et al 2008). Counterclockwise circulation draws waters from the Scotian Shelf and Gulf of Maine northwards along the eastern side of the Bay of Fundy, and tidal forces concentrate sedimentladen waters along the western coast, which remain separated from the Fundy gyre located in the center of the bay (Fader et al 1977).…”

Section: Spm Seasonal Cycle and Spatial Distributionsupporting

confidence: 74%

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Improving Satellite Chlorophyll-a Retrieval in the Turbid Waters of the Bay of Fundy, Canada

Wilson,

Hilborn,

Clay

et al. 2024

Estuaries and Coasts

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The Bay of Fundy is a highly productive ecosystem within the Northwest Atlantic where extreme tides and strong currents result in a large gradient of sediment concentrations across and along the bay. We processed daily satellite data from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite from 2003 to 2021 at 300-m resolution to understand and quantify spatial and temporal trends in chlorophyll-a concentration (chl-a, a measure of phytoplankton biomass), and suspended particulate matter concentration (SPM) in the Bay of Fundy surface waters. To account for high sediment loading (up to 100’s g m−3) and moderate chl-a (median in situ chl-a of 1.5 mg m−3 from 2003 to 2021), coefficients of the OC3M chl-a algorithm were regionally tuned using in situ chl-a data, and satellite-derived SPM was incorporated within the chl-a retrieval algorithm to account for possible bias. The updated new algorithm was denoted as OCX-SPMCor. Chl-a computed using OCX-SPMCor showed better performance against in situ chl-a than the generic OC3M with a coefficient of determination that increased from 0.01 to 0.28 and a root mean square logarithmic error that decreased by 35%. Unlike previous remote sensing studies, OCX-SPMCor correctly predicted the particular chl-a seasonality in the Bay of Fundy, which does not follow the typical occurrence of spring/fall blooms as observed in the adjacent Gulf of Maine and Scotian Shelf. For the first time, satellite-predicted chl-a aligned with the phenology of in situ chl-a, where chl-a continually increased from April to June and remained high all summer, with a small secondary summer peak before decreasing in the fall. SPM seasonality followed an opposite trend where SPM reached a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer. A small number of matchups and high temporal variability on the hourly time scale precluded a robust assessment of the satellite-derived SPM. However, comparisons between time series of remotely sensed and in situ SPM demonstrated the ability of the satellite-derived SPM to capture temporal variations, though the absolute values may be slightly underestimated. Accurate maps of phytoplankton biomass and sediment concentrations are essential variables required for effective management and conservation of marine ecosystems in the Bay of Fundy.

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Section: Spm Seasonal Cycle and Spatial Distributionsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Consequently, our MODIS SPM seasonal climatology was able to capture SPM trends across the Bay of Fundy. Furthermore, the seasonal cycle observed within the Bay of Fundy matches the broad-scale SPM dynamics observed along the Scotian Shelf and Northumberland Strait (Swift et al 1969;Fuentes-Yaco et al 2020).…”

Section: Spm Seasonal Cycle and Spatial Distributionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Improving Satellite Chlorophyll-a Retrieval in the Turbid Waters of the Bay of Fundy, Canada

Wilson,

Hilborn,

Clay

et al. 2024

Estuaries and Coasts

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“…Circulation patterns for water bodies of North America that are nearly separated from the ocean or from large adjacent lakes by structural barriers have been published for: Baffin Bay (18,19), Hudson Bay (20,21), Gulf of St. Lawrence (22,23), Passamaquoddy Bay (24), Grand Traverse Bay (25), Bay of Fundy (26,27), Gulf of Maine (22), and Long Island Sound (28). In South America the circulation in Lake Maracaibo (29) Circulation patterns for lakes simplified from original illustrations cited in the text: Lake Superior, Lake Constance, Lake Geneva, Aral Sea, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Caspian Sea, Salton Sea, Dead Sea, and Bitter Lake.…”

Section: Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Circulation of Lakes and Nearly Land-Locked Seas

Emery

Csanady

1973

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The pattern of surface circulation has been mapped for more than 40 lakes, marginal seas, estuaries, and lagoons. All are within the northern hemisphere, and all except one are known to have a counterclockwise pattern. This consistent pattern is attributed to the drag of wind blowing across the bodies of water. Warmer surface water is displaced to the right-hand shore zone (facing downwind), where it produces greater surface turbulence and, thus, greater wind drag. This effect leads to counterclockwise water circulation regardless of the direction and, within limits, the duration of the wind.During studies of northern hemisphere lakes and water bodies marginal to the ocean, we have noted a consistent counterclockwise circulation of surface waters. "Circulation" is here defined to mean a long-term pattern of motion, or residual motion remaining after the irregular water movements involved in wind drift, seiches, and other short-term phenomena are averaged. The averaging period is taken to be long compared with the typical passage time of weather cycles. Experimentally, such long-term patterns of flow may be directly determined, e.g., by releasing batches of drift bottles and tracing their paths of long period drift.Charts of this circulation pattern were assembled, and the cause of the pattern was examined in the expectation that it may be useful to other workers, particularly in connection with predictions of pollution down-current from points of sewage and industrial discharge into large bodies of water. Information about circulation patterns of lakes is very scarce in limnological journals, as these mainly are limited to strictly biological problems. Moreover, most studies of water movements in lakes are restricted to seiches, internal waves, and other movements in a vertical plane. Investigations of circulation in marginal seas and estuaries are more common than in lakes, possibly because of the natural landward extension of oceanographic methods. Many marginal seas are separated from the ocean by barriers caused by crustal deformation that allow little exchange of water. These are included in the discussion below. Estuaries and lagoons separated from the ocean by barriers produced by sand deposition, and marginal seas widely open to the ocean (Kars Sea, Chukchi Sea, Norwegian Sea, Bering Sea, and the North Sea) often have circulation patterns similar to those of lakes and the nearly land-locked seas, but they are omitted here because of possible control by currents from the open ocean. PatternsThe charts of horizontal circulation in lakes and nearly landlocked bodies of ocean water are so thinly and widely scattered in physical and geological literature that we probably have missed some of the published examples. Most of the ones we found are illustrated in simplified form in Figs. 1 and 2. Examples of patterns from lakes of North America listed from north to south are: Lake Superior (1), Lake Huron (1-3), Lake Michigan (1, 4), Lake Ontario (1, 5), Lake Erie (1, 6), Great Salt Lake (7), and the Salto...

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Multivariate mapping of seabed grain size parameters in the Bay of Fundy using convolutional neural networks

Misiuk,

Tan,

et al. 2024

Marine Geology

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Sediments of the Bay of Fundy - A Preliminary Report

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Improving Satellite Chlorophyll-a Retrieval in the Turbid Waters of the Bay of Fundy, Canada

Improving Satellite Chlorophyll-a Retrieval in the Turbid Waters of the Bay of Fundy, Canada

Surface Circulation of Lakes and Nearly Land-Locked Seas

Multivariate mapping of seabed grain size parameters in the Bay of Fundy using convolutional neural networks

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