Sedimentology, stratigraphy and architecture of the Nicobar Fan (Bengal–Nicobar Fan System), Indian Ocean: Results from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362

Pickering, Kevin T.; Pouderoux, Hugo; McNeill, Lisa C.; Backman, Jan; Chemale, Farid; Kutterolf, Steffen; Milliken, Kitty L.; Mukoyoshi, Hideki; Henstock, T.; Stevens, Dave; Parnell, Charlie; Dugan, Brandon

doi:10.1111/sed.12701

Cited by 32 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(131 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Both the Bengal and Nicobar fans show significant temporal changes in sediment accumulation rates. The changes, however, are not always synchronous, as seen in Figure 8 that compares sediment mass accumulation rates (MARs) for the two systems (after Pickering et al, 2019). Mass accumulation rate (MAR) is related to the equation and calculations given in Pickering et al (2019), whereas sediment accumulation rate (SAR) is used in this paper as a more general term.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The changes, however, are not always synchronous, as seen in Figure 8 that compares sediment mass accumulation rates (MARs) for the two systems (after Pickering et al, 2019). Mass accumulation rate (MAR) is related to the equation and calculations given in Pickering et al (2019), whereas sediment accumulation rate (SAR) is used in this paper as a more general term. Whilst avulsion processes on the fans might account for some of the differences, we believe that a comparison of MARs from the Bengal and Nicobar fans is reasonable, because IODP Site U1451 (Bengal Fan) and IODP Site U1480 (Nicobar Fan) were drilled at comparable distances from the main sediment source, in similar latitudes, in similar fan environments, at a distance west of the NinetyEast Ridge that compares well with IODP Site 362 east of the ridge.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Investigator Fan was likely a distal fan setting and, because of subduction-accretion processes, now an isolated segment of the Nicobar Fan. The oldest recovered fan sediments are ~19 Ma mud-rich SGF deposits (Pickering et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Deciphering relationships between the Nicobar and Bengal submarine fans, Indian Ocean

Pickering

Carter

Andó

et al. 2020

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Nicobar Fan and Bengal fans can be considered as the eastern and western parts, respectively, of the largest submarine-fan system in the world. This study presents the integrated results of petrographic and provenance studies from the Nicobar Fan and evaluates these in the context of controls on sedimentation. Both fans were predominantly supplied by Himalayaderived material from the main tectono-stratigraphic sequences as well as the Gangdese arc. A lack of volcanic material in the Nicobar Fan rules out sources from the Sumatra magmatic arc.Overall, the petrographic data shows a progressive decrease in sedimentary detritus and corresponding increase of higher-grade metamorphic detritus up-section. Changes in sediment provenance and exhumation rates in the Himalaya are seen to track changes in sediment accumulation rates. High sediment accumulation rates in the Bengal Fan occurred at ~13.5-8.3 Ma, and in the Nicobar Fan from ~9.5-5 Ma. Both fans show peak accumulation rates at 9.5-8.3 Ma (but with the Nicobar Fan being about twice as high), and both record a sharp drop from ~5.5-5.2 Ma, that coincided with a change in river drainage associated with the Brahmaputra River diverting west of the uplifting Shillong Plateau. At ~5 Ma, the Nicobar Fan was supplied by an eastern drainage route that finally closed at ~2 Ma, when sediment accumulation rates in the Nicobar Fan significantly decreased. Sediment provenance record these changes in routing whereby Bengal Fan deposits include granitoid sources from the Namche Barwa massif in the eastern syntaxis that are not seen in the Nicobar Fan, likely due to a more localised eastern drainage that included material from the Indo-Burman wedge. Prior to ~3 Ma, source exhumation rates were rapid and constant and the short lag-time rules out significant intermediate storage and mixing. In terms of climate versus tectonic controls, tectonically driven changes in the river network have had most influence on fan sedimentation.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Deciphering relationships between the Nicobar and Bengal submarine fans, Indian Ocean

Pickering

Carter

Andó

et al. 2020

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The Bengal-Nicobar Fan system extends southward for over 3000 km to ~7°S and covers an area of ~4×10 6 km 2 with a volume of >8×10 6 km 3 since ca. 20 Ma (Curray et al, 2003, Pickering et al, 2020. As the ultimate sediment trap of the Ganges River and Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River, the Bengal-Nicobar Fan preserves records of Himalayan erosion and is therefore vital to deciphering the drainage evolution and exhumation history of the eastern Himalaya.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Drainage evolution and exhumation history of the eastern Himalaya: Insights from the Nicobar Fan, northeastern Indian Ocean

Chen

Yan

Clift

et al. 2020

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The eastern Himalayan syntaxis, where the Yarlung Tsangpo sharply bends, is one of the areas experiencing most rapid exhumation on Earth. The rapid exhumation is often regarded as the result of capture of the Yarlung Tsangpo by the Brahmaputra River.However, both the timing of integration of the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River and initiation of the rapid syntaxial exhumation are debated. As the ultimate sedimentary trap of the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River, the Nicobar Fan is a window to look into the drainage evolution and exhumation history of the eastern Himalaya. International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362 drilled the Nicobar Fan for the first time, recovering fan sediments dating back to the Early Miocene (~19 Ma). We apply trace elements and Sr-Nd isotopes to investigate the provenance of the sediments in the Nicobar Fan with the aim of constraining the timing of integration of the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River and initiation of the rapid syntaxial exhumation. The geochemical and Sr-Nd isotope compositions indicate an eastern Himalayan source dominated by the Greater Himalaya, with significant Gangdese arc contribution and primarily carried by the Brahmaputra River. Flux of Gangdese arc material appears to have been continuous from the base of the Nicobar Fan, suggesting that the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River has been established at least since ~19 Ma. Synchronously with the sharp rise in sedimentation rate, the abrupt change of geochemical and isotope compositions at ~9.2 Ma indicates an increase in erosion of the Greater Himalaya as the result of initiation of rapid exhumation in the broad syntaxial region. The proportion of Greater Himalayan material increased again at 3.5-1.7 Ma, consistent with a younger pulse of rapid exhumation focused in the core of the syntaxis since ~3.5 Ma. Our results show that initiation of the rapid syntaxial exhumation postdated integration of the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River by at least ~10 m.y. Therefore, tectonic uplift rather than river capture could be responsible for the initiation of the rapid syntaxial exhumation.

show abstract

“…The lower seafloor layer on the island arcs and submarine ridges, hills, and elevations at the bottom of the basin is mainly presented by the granite and metamorphic rocks of the continental crust, especially for the large islands, formed as folded mountain structures. The structure of the rocks of the Sunda trench-arc system points at Paleozoic schists and gneisses, other metamorphic rocks, granite intrusions, and occasional turbidite accumulation in the seafloor of the trench (Pickering et al, 2020).…”

Section: Fig 2 Geologic Map Of the West Indonesia Basin (Source: Aumentioning

confidence: 99%

Java and Sumatra segments of the Sunda Trench: Geomorphology and geophysical settings analysed and visualized by GMT

Lemenkova

2020

B SERBIAN GEOGRAPHIC

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The paper discusses the geomorphology of the Sunda Trench, an oceanic trench located in the eastern Indian Ocean along the Sumatra and Java Islands of the Indonesian archipelago. It analysis difference in depths and variation in slope steepness between the two segments of the trench: southern Java transect (108.8?E 10.10?S - 113.0?E 10.75?S) and northern Sumatra transect (97.5?E 1.1?S - 101.0?E 5.5?S). The maps and geomorphological modelling were plotted using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT). The data include high-resolution grids on topography, geology, geodesy and geophysics: GEBCO, EGM2008 EGM-2008, GlobSed. The results include modelled segments, slope gradients, and cross-section profiles. The geological processes take place in the Indian Ocean at different stages of its evolution and influence the nature of the submarine geomorphology and geomorphology of the trench that differs in two segments. Java segment has a bell-shaped data distribution in contrast to the Sumatra with bimodal pattern. Java segment has the most repetitive depths at -2,500 to -5,200 m. Sumatra transect has two peaks: 1) a classic bell-shaped peak (-4,500 m to -5,500 m); 2) shelf area (0 to -1,750 m). The data at middle depths (-1,750 to -4,500 m) have less than 300 samples. The most frequent bathymetry for the Sumatra segment corresponds to the -4,750 m to -5,000 m. Comparing to the Sumatra segment, the Java segment is deeper. For depths > -6,000 m, there are only 138 samples for Sumatra while 547 samples for Java. Furthermore, Java segment has a more symmetrical geometric shape while Sumatra segment is asymmetric, one-sided. The Sumatra segment has a steepness of 57.86? on its eastern side (facing Sumatra Island) and a contrasting 14.58? on the western part. The Java segment has a steepness of 64.34? on its northern side (facing Java Island) and 24.95? on the southern part (facing the Indian Ocean). The paper contributes to the studies of the submarine geomorphology in Indonesia.

show abstract

Sedimentology, stratigraphy and architecture of the Nicobar Fan (Bengal–Nicobar Fan System), Indian Ocean: Results from International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 362

Cited by 32 publications

References 59 publications

Deciphering relationships between the Nicobar and Bengal submarine fans, Indian Ocean

Deciphering relationships between the Nicobar and Bengal submarine fans, Indian Ocean

Drainage evolution and exhumation history of the eastern Himalaya: Insights from the Nicobar Fan, northeastern Indian Ocean

Java and Sumatra segments of the Sunda Trench: Geomorphology and geophysical settings analysed and visualized by GMT

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About