As part of a general polychaete survey of St. John, United States Virgin Islands, an analysis was conducted on macrofaunal polychaete assemblages found in sediments trapped within the stinking vase sponge (Iricinia campana Lamarck, 1814) growing in shallow water at less than 4 m depth. Higher species numbers and greater abundances were found within the sponges than in adjacent sand. Polychaetes comprised over 90% of all macrofauna found in the two habitats, with 41 species within 21 families: Acoetidae, Amphinomidae, Capitellidae, Chrysopetalidae, Cirratulidae, Dorvilleidae, Eunicidae, Euphrosinidae, Glyceridae, Hesionidae, Maldanidae, Nereididae, Oenonidae, Orbiniidae, Opheliidae, Sabellidae, Sigalionidae, Spionidae, Syllidae, Terebellidae, and Trichobranchidae. Univariate statistics, community ordination (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) and a multiple response permutation procedure revealed differences in assemblage compositions between vase sponge sediments and open sand. Seven polychaete species found in vase sponges were not found in any other habitats in the survey area. Vase sponges appear to be population refugia for many soft-bottom polychaete species scarcely found or absent in adjacent reef habitats, by supplying protection from predators and currents, finer and more organically enriched sediments within the concavities, and food derived from the sponges.