Sedative, Stimulant, and Other Subjective Effects of Marijuana: Relationships to Smoking Techniques

Block, Robert I.; Erwin, Wesley J.; Farinpour, Roxanna; Braverman, Kathleen

doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(97)00453-x

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…During the following quarter century, scientists attempted, mostly with little success, to further demonstrate a THC dose-regulation phenomenon with smoked marijuana (Ashton et al, 1981;Perez-Reyes et al, 1982;Wu et al, 1988;Chait, 1989;Zacny and de Wit, 1991;Kelly et al, 1994a, but see also: Azorlosa et al, 1992;Harder and Rietbrock, 1997;Block et al, 1998). However, Herning and colleagues (1986) observed that experienced marijuana smokers took significantly more puffs with longer intervals between puffs while smoking high potency (3.9% THC) compared to low potency (1.2% THC) marijuana cigarettes and they also inhaled substantially larger (46%) volumes of air.…”

Section: Self-administration Of Cannabinoids In Human Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-administration of cannabinoids by experimental animals and human marijuana smokers

Justinová

Goldberg

Heishman

2005

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

115

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Drug self-administration behavior has been one of the most direct and productive approaches for studying the reinforcing effects of psychoactive drugs, which are critical in determining their abuse potential. Cannabinoids, which are usually abused by humans in the form of marijuana, have become the most frequently abused illicit class of drugs in the United States. The early elucidation of the structure and stereochemistry of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in 1964, which is now recognized as the principal psychoactive ingredient in marijuana, activated cannabinoid research worldwide. This review examines advances in research on cannabinoid self-administration behavior by humans and laboratory animals. There have been numerous laboratory demonstrations of the reinforcing effects of cannabinoids in human subjects, but reliable self-administration of cannabinoids by laboratory animals has only recently been demonstrated. It has now been shown that strong and persistent self-administration behavior can be maintained in experimentally and drugnaïve squirrel monkeys by doses of THC comparable to those in marijuana smoke inhaled by humans. Furthermore, reinforcing effects of some synthetic CB 1 cannabinoid agonists have been recently reported using intravenous and intracerebroventricular self-administration procedures in rats and mice. These findings support previous conclusions that THC has a pronounced abuse liability comparable to other drugs of abuse under certain experimental conditions. Self-administration of THC by squirrel monkeys provides the most reliable animal model for human marijuana abuse available to date. This animal model now makes it possible to study the relative abuse liability of other natural and synthetic cannabinoids and to preclinically assess new therapeutic strategies for the treatment or prevention of marijuana abuse in humans.

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Section: Self-administration Of Cannabinoids In Human Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-administration of cannabinoids by experimental animals and human marijuana smokers

Justinová

Goldberg

Heishman

2005

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

115

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“…En relación a los efectos subjetivos, ambos perfiles muestran mayor efecto de Euforia, efecto ampliamente descrito en la literatura y más frecuentemente asociado con los motivos de consumo, uso problemático, abuso y dependencia (Block et al, 1998;Scherrer et al, 2009;Zeiger et al, 2010). Por otra parte, el grupo internalizante reporta puntuaciones más elevadas en efectos de Sedación y Disforia.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Los efectos subjetivos se caracterizan en dos subtipos: 1) los efectos positivos; vinculados a experiencias agradables como la euforia, la relajación, o la alteración sensorial, y 2) los efectos negativos; ligados a experiencias desagradables como ansiedad, paranoia, alucinaciones, tristeza o náuseas. Los usuarios de cánnabis pueden reportar ambos (Block, Erwin, Farinpour, y Braverman, 1998;Scherrer et al, 2009;Zeiger et al, 2012). Dichos efectos han demostrado ser buenos predictores del abuso o dependencia del cánnabis (Pedrero Pérez, 2003;Zeiger et al, 2012).…”

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Personalidad internalizante y externalizante y efectos subjetivos en una muestra de adolescentes consumidores de cánnabis

et al. 2016

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“…In addition to the diagnosis of diseases, breath tests have been applied to monitor respiratory processes in medical care (97)(98)(99)(100)(101) and excretion of drugs (12,13,(102)(103)(104)(105).…”

Section: Othersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CS 2 has not been detected in the blood of patients taking disulfiram, but it has been readily detected in breath (102 ). ⌬ 9 -Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), detected in the breath by a few groups (103)(104)(105), shows a rapid decay to below the limits of detection after 10 to 15 min. This disappearance is not attributable to its conversion to 11-hydroxy-THC, because THC remains unchanged at high concentrations in the blood for considerably longer periods after smoking.…”

Section: Othersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breath Analysis: Potential for Clinical Diagnosis and Exposure Assessment

Cao¹,

Duan²

2006

Clinical Chemistry

362

238

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Breath tests are among the least invasive methods available for clinical diagnosis, disease state monitoring, and environmental exposure assessment. In recent years, interest in breath analysis for clinical purposes has increased. This review is intended to describe the potential applications of breath tests, including clinical diagnosis of diseases and monitoring of environmental pollutant exposure, with emphasis on oxidative stress, lung diseases, metabolic disorder, gastroenteric diseases, and some other applications. The application of breath tests in assessment of exposure to volatile organic compounds is also addressed. Finally, both the advantages and limitations of breath analysis are summarized and discussed.

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Sedative, Stimulant, and Other Subjective Effects of Marijuana: Relationships to Smoking Techniques

Cited by 30 publications

References 25 publications

Self-administration of cannabinoids by experimental animals and human marijuana smokers

Self-administration of cannabinoids by experimental animals and human marijuana smokers

Personalidad internalizante y externalizante y efectos subjetivos en una muestra de adolescentes consumidores de cánnabis

Breath Analysis: Potential for Clinical Diagnosis and Exposure Assessment

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