Sedative options for fish research: a brief review with new data on sedation of warm-, cool-, and coldwater fishes and recommendations for the drug approval process

Bowker, James D.; Trushenski, Jesse T.; Glover, David C.; Carty, Daniel; Wandelear, Niccole

doi:10.1007/s11160-014-9374-6

Cited by 29 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Anesthetic drugs are often used to calm or immobilize fish for data or tissue collection procedures and can reduce some indications of secondary stress response and help minimize injuries to the fish and biologist (Ross and Ross 2008). There are, however, few anesthetic choices available for fish research, and the effects of anesthesia in many fish species are unknown (Bowker et al 2015). Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) has been one of the most widely used anesthetics in fisheries research.…”

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Efficacy and Physiological Response to Chemical Anesthesia in Wild Hickory Shad during Spawning Season

Matsche

2017

Mar Coast Fish

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Anesthetizing fish facilitates handling procedures such as hormone injections to induce spawning, reduces risk of injuries, and may reduce stress response. We conducted two experiments with wild Hickory Shad Alosa mediocris caught by angling during spawning season. Induction and recovery times of fish anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS‐222 at 50–100 mg/L of water), 2‐phenoxyethanol (PhE at 25–400 mg/L), and eugenol (Aqui‐S, 25–100 mg/L) were compared in the first experiment, while physiological responses in fish following anesthesia were compared in the second experiment. Total time to induce and recover from anesthesia in fish was lowest with MS‐222 at 100 mg/L and eugenol at 100 mg/L. External signs of stress (muscle spasms, coughing, decreased respiration) were evident in fish during anesthesia with highest concentration of PhE (400 mg/L), while physiological indicators of toxicity were evident in fish anesthetized with a lower concentration of PhE (100 mg/L) compared with controls (i.e., decreased total proteins and increased hemolysis, plasma lactate, and glucose). Reduced stress response (lower glucose and plasma lactate) was evident in fish treated with MS‐222 (100 mg/L) at 1 h postinjection and with eugenol (100 mg/L) at 6 h. Both MS‐222 and eugenol were effective in rapidly anesthetizing wild Hickory Shad with fewer signs of stress than PhE; however, more information is needed regarding effects of these anesthetics on spawning, gamete quality, and fertilization success in hickory shad and other species.

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Efficacy and Physiological Response to Chemical Anesthesia in Wild Hickory Shad during Spawning Season

Matsche

2017

Mar Coast Fish

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“…In a study of representative coldwater, coolwater, and warmwater species of freshwater fish sedated with eugenol, MS‐222, or benzocaine, Bowker et al. () reported that the response of fish to chemical sedatives was primarily a function of sedative dose, water temperature, and, to a lesser extent, fish size and dissolved oxygen concentration but not taxonomic classification.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…, , ; Bowker et al. ); however, as a precautionary measure to ensure the safety of the American food supply, the FDA requires that fish exposed to Tricaine‐S be held for 21 d (i.e., withdrawal period) prior to entering the human food chain via release into the aquatic environment or harvest from a production facility (FDA ). The withdrawal requirement constrains fisheries management and research activities because, for most field applications, holding fish for 21 d postsedation is impractical or even impossible.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Tricaine-S (tricaine methanesulfonate ; Western Chemical, Inc., Ferndale, Washington; allowed dosage range = 10-1,000 mg/L) is approved by the FDA and is commercially available for the temporary immobilization of fish and other aquatic, cold-blooded animals. This drug is an effective and widely used sedative Carter et al 2011;Trushenski et al 2012aTrushenski et al , 2012bTrushenski et al , 2012cBowker et al 2014); however, as a precautionary measure to ensure the safety of the American food supply, the FDA requires that fish exposed to Tricaine-S be held for 21 d (i.e., withdrawal period) prior to entering the human food chain via release into the aquatic environment or harvest from a production facility (FDA 2015). The withdrawal requirement constrains fisheries management and research activities because, for most field applications, holding fish for 21 d postsedation is impractical or even impossible.…”

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Efficacy and Hematological Responses of Walleyes to Chemosedation and Electrosedation

2018

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We conducted a series of experiments to assess Walleyes Sander vitreus that were sedated with tricaine methanesulfonate (150 mg/L), eugenol (60 mg/L), benzocaine (150 mg/L), carbon dioxide (CO2; 360 mg/L), or pulsed‐DC electrosedation (100 or 150 V; 5 or 10 s). Fish were sedated individually or in groups and were allowed to recover in order to determine induction and recovery times. Blood samples were collected from group‐sedated fish over a 6‐h postsedation period to assess physiological indicators of stress. Electrosedation yielded the fastest mean ± SE induction (0.1 ± 0.0 min), and CO2 yielded the slowest (2.1 ± 0.5 min). Recovery times varied, but most fish recovered within 1–3 min and all fish recovered within approximately 5 min postsedation. Voltage and exposure time had little effect on induction, but fish that were exposed to 150 V of pulsed DC for 10 s took approximately twice as long to recover as other electrosedated fish. Plasma cortisol levels increased substantially from 0.5 to 1.0 h postsedation regardless of the sedative used, and plasma glucose levels increased substantially throughout the 6‐h postsedation sampling period. Results show that juvenile Walleyes can be effectively sedated with any of the sedation options, but sedative exposure does induce an acute stress response.

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“…The sedative mode of action for eugenol is associated with its ability to interfere with changes in membrane permeability necessary to conduct nervous stimuli. Considerable data have been generated to demonstrate that AQUI-S 20E effectively sedates freshwater fish (Trushenski et al 2012a(Trushenski et al , 2012bBowker et al 2015b) and marine fish to a "handleable" state (Trushenski et al 2012c;Bowker et al 2015aBowker et al , 2016, and AQUI-S 20E is expected to be the next sedative approved by FDA for use on fish in the United States. It is likely that some approved uses will not require a withdrawal period, allowing AQUI-S 20E to be used as a sedative for fish destined for immediate release.…”

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confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Eugenol to Lightly Sedate Freshwater Salmonids for an Extended Time Period

2018

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Lightly sedating fish for purposes such as sorting or loading onto a distribution truck makes fish crowding, netting, and handling easier and minimizes the risk of injury to fish and handler. We conducted three experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of eugenol (AQUI‐S 20E, 10% eugenol) to lightly sedate fingerling Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, Cutthroat Trout O. clarkii, and Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha for 5 h in static conditions. Thirty fish were introduced to each tank that contained either freshwater (control, n = 5) or freshwater treated with eugenol (treated, 3 mg/L, n = 10) and assessed the fish in terms of various sedation criteria at 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min and then hourly for four more hours. Fish were considered lightly sedated if three fish per tank could be captured readily by hand and were dispersed throughout the water column. Results from all studies showed that light sedation criteria were met in at least 80% of the treated tanks at all time points except 0 min. After completion of the 5‐h assessment period, water exchanges were conducted, normal water flow was restored to the tanks, and fish were monitored for an additional 48 h to evaluate their recovery from light sedation and determine any adverse effects. All fish recovered within 20–30 min and no posttreatment mortality was observed. Our results indicate 3 mg/L eugenol (30 mg/L AQUI‐S 20E) is effective for lightly sedating juvenile salmonids for up to 5 h under the conditions tested.

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Sedative options for fish research: a brief review with new data on sedation of warm-, cool-, and coldwater fishes and recommendations for the drug approval process

Cited by 29 publications

References 26 publications

Efficacy and Physiological Response to Chemical Anesthesia in Wild Hickory Shad during Spawning Season

Efficacy and Physiological Response to Chemical Anesthesia in Wild Hickory Shad during Spawning Season

Efficacy and Hematological Responses of Walleyes to Chemosedation and Electrosedation

Efficacy of Eugenol to Lightly Sedate Freshwater Salmonids for an Extended Time Period

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