Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride and their reversal with atipamezole hydrochloride in calves

Rioja, Eva; Kerr, Carolyn L.; Enouri, Saad; McDonell, Wayne N.

doi:10.2460/ajvr.69.3.319

Cited by 31 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…ATI increased MAP after MMK, but no significant difference was detected between MED and MED + ATI. Previously, ATI was shown to increase MAP in calves (Rioja, Kerr, Enouri, & McDonell, 2008) but not in sheep (Talke et al, 2000) and goats (Carroll et al, 2005) treated with medetomidine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The impact ofMK‐467 on plasma drug concentrations, sedation and cardiopulmonary changes in sheep treated with intramuscular medetomidine and atipamezole for reversal

Adam

Raekallio

Keskitalo

et al. 2018

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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The effect of MK‐467, a peripheral α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist, on plasma drug concentrations, sedation and cardiopulmonary changes induced by intramuscular (IM) medetomidine was investigated in eight sheep. Additionally, the interactions with atipamezole (ATI) used for reversal were also evaluated. Each animal was treated four times in a randomized prospective crossover design with 2‐week washout periods. Medetomidine (MED) 30 μg/kg alone or combined in the same syringe with MK‐467 300 μg/kg (MMK) was injected intramuscular, followed by ATI 150 μg/kg (MED + ATI and MMK + ATI) or saline intramuscular 30 min later. Plasma was analysed for drug concentrations, and sedation was subjectively assessed with a visual analogue scale. Systemic haemodynamics and blood gases were measured before treatments and at intervals thereafter. With MK‐467, medetomidine plasma concentrations were threefold higher prior to ATI, which was associated with more profound sedation and shorter onset. No significant differences were observed in early cardiopulmonary changes between treatments. Atipamezole reversed the medetomidine‐related cardiopulmonary changes after both treatments. Sedation scores decreased more rapidly when MK‐467 was included. In this study, MK‐467 appeared to have a pronounced effect on the plasma concentration and central effects of medetomidine, with minor cardiopulmonary improvement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

The impact ofMK‐467 on plasma drug concentrations, sedation and cardiopulmonary changes in sheep treated with intramuscular medetomidine and atipamezole for reversal

Adam

Raekallio

Keskitalo

et al. 2018

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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“…However, care must be taken in extrapolating the effects observed in these, otherwise healthy, calves, to individuals with inadequate surfactant production or other respiratory pathology. The respiratory depressant effects of fentanyl and cardiac depressant effect of xylazine are well known in other veterinary species [ 34 – 36 ] but have not been reported in the bovine neonate. The increased PaCO 2 measurements observed following administration of these agents may be due to synergistic negative effects on respiratory function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increased PaCO 2 measurements observed following administration of these agents may be due to synergistic negative effects on respiratory function. Hypoxia and hypercapnia associated with xylazine sedation are primarily from a peripherally mediated increase in the shunt fraction ( Q s / Q t ) and not from hypoventilation or postural changes [ 36 ]. In contrast fentanyl produces direct depression of respiration through a centrally mediated reduction in inspiratory effort and frequency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory Support for Pharmacologically Induced Hypoxia in Neonatal Calves

Donnelly

Quinn

Nielsen

et al. 2016

Veterinary Medicine International

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Practical methods to provide respiratory support to bovine neonates in a field setting are poorly characterised. This study evaluated the response of healthy neonatal calves with pharmacologically induced respiratory suppression to nasal oxygen insufflation and to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) delivered via an off-the-shelf device. Ten calves were randomised to receive either nasal oxygen insufflation (Group 1, n = 5) or CPAP (Group 2, n = 5) as a first treatment after induction of respiratory depression by intravenous administration of xylazine, fentanyl, and diazepam. Calves received the alternate treatment after 10 minutes of breathing ambient air. Arterial blood gas samples were obtained prior to sedation, following sedation, following the first and second treatment, and after breathing ambient air before and after the second treatment. Oxygen insufflation significantly increased arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) but was also associated with significant hypercapnia. When used as the first treatment, CPAP was associated with significantly decreased arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide but did not increase PaO2. These results suggest that the use of CPAP may represent a practical method for correction of hypercapnia associated with inadequate ventilation in a field setting, and further research is required to characterise the use of CPAP with increased inspired oxygen concentrations.

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“…Medetomidine, an α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist, is widely used as a sedative or analgesic in veterinary medicine [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In addition to medetomidine, other α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists such as detomidine [9][10][11], dexmedetomidine [1,[12][13][14], xylazine [4,7,9,14,15], and romifidine [9,10,[16][17][18][19][20] are also used clinically in many domestic species. Furthermore, some α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists, including medetomidine, are administered not only alone, but also in combination with other drugs, such as opioids, benzodiazepine, phenothiazine, and ketamine [3,5,6,8,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Intramuscular Medetomidine Administration on Tear Flow in Rats

Kanda

Mizoguchi

Furumoto

et al. 2020

Veterinary Sciences

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Medetomidine has been reported to decrease tear flow significantly in dogs, cats, and pigs when used as a sedative or analgesic; however, there are no such reports when it comes to rats. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of medetomidine on tear flow in rats. Medetomidine in doses of 50, 100, or 200 µg/kg or a physiological saline solution as the control, were administered intramuscularly to male Slc:Wistar/ST rats. After the administration of medetomidine, tear flow in both eyes was measured using a phenol red thread tear test. The area under the curve (AUC) of phenol red thread test values from baseline to 8 h was calculated. Data were plotted against the dose of medetomidine and simple linear regression analysis was performed. The effect of the drug on phenol red thread test values was considered dose-related when linear analysis yielded a significant relationship. In all medetomidine-treated groups, tear flow decreased significantly in both eyes after administration, while no significant changes were observed in either eye in the control group. The AUC values from baseline to 8 h after administration in groups treated with 100 and 200 µg/kg of medetomidine were significantly lower in both the left and right eyes compared to the control group. The linear regression of the AUC values was significant for both eyes. Our results indicated that the intramuscular administration of medetomidine in rats decreased tear flow significantly in a dose-dependent manner.

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Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride and their reversal with atipamezole hydrochloride in calves

Cited by 31 publications

References 33 publications

The impact ofMK‐467 on plasma drug concentrations, sedation and cardiopulmonary changes in sheep treated with intramuscular medetomidine and atipamezole for reversal

The impact ofMK‐467 on plasma drug concentrations, sedation and cardiopulmonary changes in sheep treated with intramuscular medetomidine and atipamezole for reversal

Respiratory Support for Pharmacologically Induced Hypoxia in Neonatal Calves

Effect of Intramuscular Medetomidine Administration on Tear Flow in Rats

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