Sedation and chemical restraint in the dog and cat

Karas, Alicia Z.

doi:10.1016/s1096-2867(99)80023-1

Cited by 19 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Because of their availability and efficacy, IM administration of ketamine, opioids, α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists or their combinations [ 17 , 20 , 25 , 32 , 38 , 40 ] has been widely used for sedation or general anesthesia in dogs. However, ketamine has been designated as a legally controlled drug, and its usage has been severely restricted in many countries.…”

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confidence: 99%

The pharmacological effects of the anesthetic alfaxalone after intramuscular administration to dogs

Tamura

Ishizuka

Fukui

et al. 2015

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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The pharmacological effects of the anesthetic alfaxalone were evaluated after intramuscular (IM) administration to 6 healthy beagle dogs. The dogs received three IM doses each of alfaxalone at increasing dose rates of 5 mg/kg (IM5), 7.5 mg/kg (IM7.5) and 10 mg/kg (IM10) every other day. Anesthetic effect was subjectively evaluated by using an ordinal scoring system to determine the degree of neuro-depression and the quality of anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia. Cardiorespiratory variables were measured using noninvasive methods. Alfaxalone administered IM produced dose-dependent neuro-depression and lateral recumbency (i.e., 36 ± 28 min, 87 ± 26 min and 115 ± 29 min after the IM5, IM7.5 and IM10 treatments, respectively). The endotracheal tube was tolerated in all dogs for 46 ± 20 and 58 ± 21 min after the IM7.5 and IM10 treatments, respectively. It was not possible to place endotracheal tubes in 5 of the 6 dogs after the IM5 treatment. Most cardiorespiratory variables remained within clinically acceptable ranges, but hypoxemia was observed by pulse oximetry for 5 to 10 min in 2 dogs receiving the IM10 treatment. Dose-dependent decreases in rectal temperature, respiratory rate and arterial blood pressure also occurred. The quality of recovery was considered satisfactory in all dogs receiving each treatment; all the dog exhibited transient muscular tremors and staggering gait. In conclusion, IM alfaxalone produced a dose-dependent anesthetic effect with relatively mild cardiorespiratory depression in dogs. However, hypoxemia may occur at higher IM doses of alfaxalone.

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confidence: 99%

The pharmacological effects of the anesthetic alfaxalone after intramuscular administration to dogs

Tamura

Ishizuka

Fukui

et al. 2015

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…Chemical restraint of fractious, fearful or exited cats is an important clinical procedure to reduce the stress of handling and the risk of injury to both cats and handlers [ 26 ]. Judicious use of sedatives or other agents with anesthetic or analgesic properties can be useful for chemical restraint [ 17 ]. However, intravenous (IV) administration is usually difficult and/or impossible in these uncooperative animals.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Because of their availability and efficacy, IM administration of ketamine, opioids, α 2 -adrenoceptor agonists or their combinations [ 6 , 17 , 27 , 28 , 31 ] has been widely used for chemical restraint in various veterinary species. However, ketamine has been designated as a legally controlled drug, and its usage has been severely restricted since January 2007 in Japan.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sedative effects of intramuscular alfaxalone administered to cats

Tamura

Ishizuka

Fukui

et al. 2015

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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The sedative effects of intramuscular (IM) alfaxalone in 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (alfaxalone-HPCD) were evaluated in cats. The cats were treated with alfaxalone-HPCD in five occasions with a minimum 14-day interval between treatments: an IM injection of 1.0 mg/kg (IM1), 2.5 mg/kg (IM2.5), 5 mg/kg (IM5) or 10 mg/kg (IM10), or an intravenous injection of 5 mg/kg (IV5). The sedative effects were evaluated subjectively using a composite measurement scoring system (a maximum score of 16). Cardio-respiratory variables were measured non-invasively. The median sedation scores peaked at 10 min (score 9), 15 min (score 14), 10 min (score 16), 10 to 20 min (score 16) and 2 to 5 min (score 16) after the IM1, IM2.5, IM5, IM10 and IV5 treatments, respectively. The IM5 treatment produced longer lasting sedation, compared to the IV5 treatment. Durations of maintenance of lateral recumbency after the IM10 treatment (115 ± 22 min) were longer than those after the IM2.5 (40 ± 15 min), IM5 (76 ± 21 min) and IV5 treatments (50 ± 5 min). Cardio-respiratory variables remained within clinically acceptable ranges, except for each one cat that showed hypotension (<60 mmHg) after the IM10 and IV5 treatments. Tremors, ataxia and opisthotonus-like posture were observed during the early recovery period after the IM2.5, IM5, IM10 and IV5 treatments. In conclusion, IM alfaxalone-HPCD produced dose-dependent and clinically relevant sedative effect at 2.5 to 10 mg/kg in healthy cats. Hypotension may occur at higher IM doses of alfaxalone-HPCD.

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“…Acepromazine maleate, diazepam, and ketamine hydrochloride used solely or combined, and the tiletamine hydrochloride/zolazepam hydrochloride fixed combination are usually recommended for sedating ophthalmic canine patients . Selection of a suitable protocol must consider extent and duration of the ophthalmic examination, as well as potential effects on animal health and ocular variables important in the diagnosis of ocular disease . Inward rotation of the globe, nictitans protrusion, and changes in pupillary light reflexes, pupil size (PS), tear production, and intraocular pressure (IOP) are known side effects of chemical restraint which can hamper canine eye examination, and alter results of some ophthalmic diagnostic procedures …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Selection of a suitable protocol must consider extent and duration of the ophthalmic examination, as well as potential effects on animal health and ocular variables important in the diagnosis of ocular disease. 1,5,6 Inward rotation of the globe, nictitans protrusion, and changes in pupillary light reflexes, pupil size (PS), tear production, and intraocular pressure (IOP) are known side effects of chemical restraint which can hamper canine eye examination, and alter results of some ophthalmic diagnostic procedures. 3,4,7,8 Butorphanol has a pharmacological profile exemplary of the agonist-antagonist opioids with multiple actions through the opioid receptor system that are probably mu, delta, and kappa-mediated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%